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Water > Water 1 Aquatic Ecosystems > Flashcards

Water 1 Aquatic Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

ecosystem

A

a composition of biotic communities that are structured by biological interactions and abiotic environmental factors.

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2
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that use energy directly from inorganic sources, primarily using photosynthesis.

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3
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms who receive their energy by consuming other organisms. This includes bacteria and fungi

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4
Q

three water body zones

A

littoral, pelagic, and benthic zones

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5
Q

littoral zone

A

shallow part near the shores, where most water plants are present.

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6
Q

pelagic zone

A

deeper open water part

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7
Q

benthic zone

A

sediment and direct surrounding water layer

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8
Q

where can you find bacteria and fungi

A

in the sediment, where there is dead organic material.

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9
Q

mineralisation

A

The breaking down of dead organic matter into inorganic compounds such as nutrients and CO2. This is done by bacteria and fungi.

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10
Q

primary producer

A

they are the first level of organic compound in an ecosystem. These are autotrophs,

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11
Q

What does photosynthesis control in an ecosystem?

A

the levels of oxygen and CO2 so they are in balance.

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12
Q

trophic levels/ food chain

A

the interdependence of trophic levels forms the food chain

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13
Q

phytoplankton

A

small, mircoscopic plantsthat live in open water. They can be seen if they are in large numbers and have chlorphyll.

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14
Q

which water conditions do phytoplankton prefer?

A

lakes over rivers, they do not live in fast flowing bodies of water.

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15
Q

3 groups of phytoplankton

A

diatoms, green algae, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).b These are found in temperate surface waters.

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16
Q

diatoms

A

rapid growth rate in favourable conditions, so you tend to see yellow. Their cell wall is made of silica, so they are easily monitored, especially as the cell wal dissolves very slowly after the death of the cell.

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17
Q

Green algae

A

common, lack any form of special traits.

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18
Q

blue-green algae

A

cyanobacteria, they can form layers on the surface and produce toxins lethal to wildlife. Mostly, they are cosmopolite and present over the globe. They are highly dependent on environmental conditions.

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19
Q

periphytic algae

A

sessile (immobile) life under water. They form periphyton.

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20
Q

periphyton

A

a biofilm, consisting of algae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, and detritus. Food source for inverterbrates, tadpoles, some fish.

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21
Q

epiphyton

A

periphyton biofilm growing on water plants.

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22
Q

filamentous algae

A

long green threads that are soft and loose. Separate algae species that develops well in spring. They can capture gas bubbles and float, forming a flab.

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23
Q

flab

A

floating algae bed.

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24
Q

other word for macrophytes

A

aquatic plants

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25
Q

now tell me about macrophytes

A

vascular plants, adapted to living in aquatic environment. They have adapted to limited light availability and gas exchange. Photosynthesis is slow but transpiraiton is fast.

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26
Q

Adaptations of aquatic plants/ macrophytes

A
  1. floating/ thin leaves to increase SA for gas exchange and light absorption.
  2. no plant cutile
  3. epidermal cells contain chlorophyll to increase light absorption.
  4. no stomata
  5. no/ reduced roots.
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27
Q

plant cutile

A

thin protecting film covering the plant surface.

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28
Q

plant stomata

A

tiny openings (mainly bottom of leaf) to allow gas exchange.

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29
Q

roots in aquatic plants

A

reduced/ no roots - nutrients can be obtained from water column. if roots, nutrients can be taken up from pore water in sediment.

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30
Q

zonation

A

the distribution of plants or animals into specific zones according to such parameters as altitude or depth, each characterized by its dominant species.

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31
Q

3 architectures of plant types

A

emergent, submergent, floating

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32
Q

helophytes

A

plants that grow in marshes, partly submerged by water, eg. Reed. They lack neither water nor CO2 and take up a lot of nutrients while growing. they are a biological filter to reduce the nutrient concentration in water.

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33
Q

floating macrophytes

A

These exist when waves are not too strong. In the tropics, you can get dense mats. duckweed is the most common in nl.

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34
Q

most visible aquatic fauna

A

fish and birds

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35
Q

protozoa

A

single celled microorganisms which feed on organic matter/ tissue and debris. They consume bacteria and small algae. Important food source for zooplankton

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36
Q

zooplankton

A

heterogeneous group of organisms in which the number of small animals is the largest.

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37
Q

purpose of zooplankton

A

transfer of organic material produced by phytoplankton to high er trophic levels and the control of phytoplankton populations.

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38
Q

zooplankton and food

A

they feed: filter feeding, predation and symbiosis with autotrophic phytoplankton.
They eat: bacteria, phytoplankton, other zooplanktonand detritus.
They are found in surface waters

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39
Q

Which pressures do zooplankton place on phytoplankton

A

they minimally influence algae biomass but Daphnia species pressure phytoplankton. These are water fleas (1mm) and therefore outcompete other zooplankton.

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40
Q

size of macrofauna

A

over 0.5mm and can be found with the naked eye.

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41
Q

macrofauna other terms

A

macrointvertebrates
inverterbrates <=> evertebrates.

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42
Q

description of macrofauna

A

include worms and arthopods and snails. Many insects have their egf and larvae stadium i the water. They are separated into the 4 ways in which they collect food.

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43
Q

4 types of microfauna

A

shredeers, collectors, scrapers/ grazers, predators

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44
Q

shredders

A

rough material into fine pieces. eg. amphipod & larvae

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45
Q

collectors

A

cosume fine organic pieces in two ways: filterers filter water and gatherers gather the pieces.

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46
Q

scrapers/ grazers

A

herbivores that graze organic material from the bottom, stones and plants, eg. snails.

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47
Q

predators

A

carnivores that eat other inverterbrates. eg. water beetles and dragonfly larvae.

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48
Q

benthic inverterbrates

A

macrofauna species that live in or around the sediment. Their habitat depends on aquatic plants.

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49
Q

physiological niche

A

preferred pH, temperature, nutrients, trace elements, stream velocity, oxygen and light climate.

50
Q

EWF

A

European Water Framework Directive - mainly based on presence of aquatic inverterbrates.

51
Q

organic materials

A

dead plants and animals from water and banks that are dissolved or float in the water.

52
Q

humic and fulvic acids

A

intermediate products in the degradation of organic material.

53
Q

saprobicity

A

measure of the quantity of organic matter.

54
Q

polysaprobic

A

high molecular weight of organic matter, very little or no dissolved oxygen, abundant bacteria, few animals.

55
Q

mesosaprobic

A

simpler organic compounds, increasing oxygen, few algae

56
Q

oligosaprobic

A

zone of recovery where mineralization is complete and oxygen is back to normal, containigna wide range of plants and animals.

57
Q

2 super important nutrients in water

A

nitrogen and phosphorous

58
Q

the three degrees of eutrophication

A

oligotrophic -> mesotrophic -> eutrophic.

59
Q

eutrophic water

A

highly enriched with nutrients, depleting oxygen levels.

60
Q

hypereutrophic

A

environments characterised by murky, highly productive waters, covered in a layer of algae. Clear-water species can not survive.

61
Q

respiration

A

O2 into CO2

62
Q

anoxic

A

the situation by which oxygen levels are relatively low.

63
Q

turbidity

A

the reduction in light strength when it penetrates in the water column

64
Q

light attenuation

A

the absorption of light, dependent on absorption and scattering.

65
Q

lambert-beer equation

A

Iz = I0 x e ^(-Ez)

66
Q

what do the letters in the lambert-beer equation stand for?

A

Iz - light intensity at depth z
I0 - light intensity at surface
E - extinciton coefficient
z- depth.

67
Q

Secchi disk

A

the black and white disk you let disappear until you can not see, where you reach the Secchi depth, which is roughly inversely proportional to the extinciton coefficient.

68
Q

factors determining phytoplankton growth

A

nutrients limits algae

69
Q

mechanisms that suppress nutrient concentrations

A

sedimentation, resuspension, flushing, light limitation, grazing by zooplankton

70
Q

flagellates

A

things phytoplankton can swim with

71
Q

thermal stratification in lakes

A

occuring in the summer, the lake is split into three sections, the top and bottom, separated by the metalimnion. This decreases nutrient levels in top layer.

72
Q

What is the most important factor for vegetation growth?

A

light availability

73
Q

Which factors affect light availability?

A

turbidity from suspended particles and periphyton

74
Q

what is periphyton and how does it affect aquatic plant growth?

A

a layer of algae and bacteria. When nutrient concentration in a lake increases the growth of phytoplankton and periphytons increases. If grazers eat them, light availibility increases again.

75
Q

how do water temperatures and sediment quality affect plant growth?

A

low temp = little growith
poor sediment quality eg. sandy soils/ lots of H2S = little growth

76
Q

How do waves affect vegetation growth?

A

hihg wave activity can damage aquatic plants bubt low wave activity stimulates plant growth through cleaning of plant and increased gas exchange. Sheltered locations have more birds and thus less vegetation.

77
Q

Importance of submerged plants in an aquatic ecosystem?

A

increase biodiversity aand biomass as they protect organisms against predators and offer a food source.

Also a habitat for zooplankton ,during the night they graze in the openwater, but in teh day they hide.

78
Q

what is the relation between aquatic plants and water birds?

A

the birds feed on the plants so they respond to the plant population.

79
Q

What are the two competition strategies?

A

scramble and interference competition

80
Q

what is scramble competition?

A

using nutrients more effectively than a competitor - everyone has equal access to resources. This is seen in some algae species.

81
Q

What is interference competition?

A

direct interference with a competitor eg. agression. This only happens with fauna such as fish chasing away other fish from their breeding grounds.

82
Q

is intra or inter specific competition stronger?

A

intra (between congers)

83
Q

Why is competition between primary producers important?

A

water managers often experience biggest problems with algae or other free floating plants.

84
Q

predation

A

consumption of animals

85
Q

herbivory

A

consumption of plants.

86
Q

bottom up limitation

A

food availability is limiting factor

87
Q

top down limitation

A

predation or herbivory is limiting factor.

88
Q

infochemicals

A

chemical information agents.

89
Q

Role of daphnia (water fleas)

A

provide competition in zooplankton community. With lots of fish you get smaller zooplankton and thus more water fleas. And you get turbid water

90
Q

turbidity and fish

A

fish increase the turbidity of the water.

91
Q

do water fleas clean the water

A

yes they do. For this, you need more predator fish, few juvenile fish.

92
Q

biomanipulaiton

A

active biological management such as introducing more of a certain species to balance everything out.

93
Q

trophic cascade

A

the relationship between different levels of the food web.

94
Q

allelopathy

A

plants excrete infochemical s to inhibit the growth of other plants and phytoplankton.

95
Q

River Continuum Concept

A

a description of a river, based on the idea that rivers are open systems that interact with the environment.

96
Q

Upper reach order

A

1-3

97
Q

what is the upper reach

A

narrow and surrounded by many plants and trees on the banks. Sunlight will not easily reach the water resulting in low photsynthesis. Amount of coarse organic matter from the vegetation is high with a very small P/R ration

98
Q

dominant funcitonal group in upper reach

A

shredders

99
Q

middle reach order

A

4-6

100
Q

what is the middle reach

A

biomass production is higher than in the upper reaches as they are less narrow and sunlight reaches the water more easily. Substrates such as rocks and branches have good surfaces for algae that produce organic material. P/R ration is roughly 1

101
Q

dominant funcitonal groups in middle reach

A

grazers and collectors, fewer shredders.

102
Q

lower reach order

A

> 6

103
Q

describe the lower reach

A

deep turbid waters with suspended particles that liit photosynthesis.

104
Q

dominant functional group in lower reach

A

collectors and some predators.

105
Q

fish ladders

A

are important around dams, they love it

106
Q

self purifying capacity

A

organisms such as aquatic plants take nutrients and stimulate dentirification.

107
Q

main difference with oceans and streams

A

-amount of sunlight reaching depths
- water pressure
- ocean currents

108
Q

oligotrophic

A

water nutrients is poor

109
Q

oligosprobic

A

water contains little organic matter

110
Q

order of phytoplankton

A

diatoms, green algae, cyanobacteria

111
Q

phytoplankton

A

algae that float freely in the water

112
Q

what is the difference in binding capacity between P and N?

A

soil binding capacity is higher for P than N

113
Q

Does oxygen depletion affect phytoplankton densities?

A

no

114
Q

Which species suffer most from flushing?

A

slow growing algae, eg. cyanobacteria.

115
Q

what is a nuisant species?

A

one that develops toxic floating layers.

116
Q

How do aquatic plants clear the water?

A

damping waves, decreaseof nutrients and shading phytoplankton.

117
Q

order of the trophic cascade

A

phytoplankton (algae) - zooplankton (eg. water fleas) - planktivorous fish - pescivorous fish

118
Q

when is scramble competition applicable?

A

for autotrophs, as they do not actively compete for resources.

119
Q

do fish increase or decrease the water quality?

A

decrease

120
Q

is there more or less primary production in the upper reaches and explain.

A

there is less primary production because

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