Was Hitler’s foreign policy simply a continuation of previous German foreign policies?

Question 1

What did Hitler think true Germans were?

Answer 1

Aryan

Question 2

What was the Nazi Aryan race?

Answer 2

An invention which drew in ideas circulating in the 19th century of 1) the superiority of Nordic and German races and 2) Social Darwinism, the theory that humankind faced a struggle for existence. Heirarchy of races with distinctive characteristics.

Question 3

Like the Social Darwinists before them, the Nazis believed:

Answer 3

1. Human beings could be classified as “races”, with each race having distinctive, innate characteristics that were passed on genetically. Assimilation of one race into another was therefore impossible.
2. The survival of a race depended upon its ability to reproduce, its accumulation of land to support and feed that expanding population, and focus on maintaining the purity of its gene pool. This struggle, naturally, resulted in violent conquest and military confrontation.

Question 4

The Nazis also believed in eugenic theories current in Weimar Germany. What is eugenics?

Answer 4

Eugenics is improving a population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.

Question 5

What can the “Aryan” race be defined as?

Answer 5

Nordic (Scandinavian) or Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) races that the Nazis believed were superior.

Question 6

The Nazis thought that Aryan race was superior to all other races, what did they mean by other races?

Answer 6

Ethnic groups such as black or Asian people, as well as Slavs in Russia and Eastern Europe and especially Jews.

Question 7

What did the Nazis want Germany to be? (Aryan)

Answer 7

A great Aryan empire and used the idea of Pan-Germanism to excuse this.

Question 8

What is Pan-Germanism?

Answer 8

The idea that all German-speaking people should be united and live in one country.

Question 9

How would Nazis fulfil their aim of Lebensraum?

Answer 9

Uniting all German-speaking people in one country so capturing other countries and claiming them of “inferior” people to give “pure Germans” enough land to live on.

Question 10

How did ideas on Aryan racial theory therefore affect Nazi foreign policy?

Answer 10

1. Led Nazis to favour alliances with racially acceptable countries such as Britain (however their racial theory did not stop the Nazis from making alliances with “inferior” countries to gain temporary advantage.
2. Influenced their aim to expand German territory to unite German-speaking people and create Lebensraum for “pure Germans”
3. Influenced their aim to expand eastwards (sometimes using military force), taking land from those who were racially inferior
4. Influenced their Germanisation policies implemented in the new territories e.g persecution of inferior races and “undesirables”

Question 11

What can Hitler’s desire and sense of entitlement for a strong, powerful Reich be interpreted as?

Answer 11

Nostalgia for earlier German empires and the sense that power and land were Germany’s right. Hitler’s Third Reich was meant to be a Germany returned to its rightful power and place in Europe.

Question 12

What did the Nazis want to do different to the Weimar politicians re. the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 12

Unlike the Weimar politicians, who simply wanted to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and return to 1914, the Nazis wanted to overturn Versailles and then expand further, securing far more land in the east than Germany held in 1914. They focused on the successes of two earlier German empires.

Question 13

Name the two earlier German empires.

Answer 13

1. the First Reich
2. the Second Reich

Question 14

The First Reich

Answer 14

The Holy Roman Empire of Charlemagne (800AD to 1806AD)

Question 15

The Second Reich

Answer 15

The German Empire founded in 1871 by Otto von Bismarck after Prussia defeated France.

Question 16

Who founded the Second Reich?

Answer 16

Otto von Bismarck

Question 17

Who is Bismarck?

Answer 17

Prime minister of Prussia and the first chancellor of the empire. He died in 1898. By the time war broke out in 1914, the empire was beginning to fall apart.

Question 18

What had the First and Second Reich done that may have influenced Hitler?

Answer 18

Both empires had gained land, and kept it, by war and military strength. However they also worked hard diplomatically for acceptance by other nations, especially when first in power.

Question 19

What had the Second Reich done that may have influenced Hitler?

Answer 19

The Second Reich had a series of carefully created alliances with other nations. It could be argued that, while Nazi propaganda focused on the glory of these empires, this strategy may also have influenced Hitler’s foreign policy.

Question 20

What did Hitler say in propaganda?

Answer 20

As well as endorsing a policy of expansionism, during his early years in power, his foreign policy emphasised his desire for peace. Referring back to earlier empires in his propaganda was also a way of giving the Nazis credibility and justifying the expansion on the German nation. They could highlight they were “continuing” and “restoring” a great Germany.

Question 21

How did the Third Reich (upholding Germany’s right to land and power) influence Nazi foreign policy?

Answer 21

• Encouraged the Nazis to uphold previous policies, such as the German right to power and land.
• Encourages the Nazis to seek to gain land by war and military strength, as well as peaceful means (alliances of the Second Reich)
• Shaping (and justifying) the Nazi desire to continue and restore a great Germany.
• Referring back to earlier empires in propaganda was a good way of giving Nazis credibility and justifying expansion of Germany

Question 22

What recent history had a significant effect on Nazi foreign policy?

Answer 22

The impact of World War One and the Treaty of Versailles.

Question 23

Did the Weimar Republic like the Treaty of the Versailles?

Answer 23

No. Before 1933, the Weimar government (who had signed the Treaty) worked against it. Members of the Reichstag privately agreed that a forced Treaty did not have to be obeyed, and turned a blind eye to signs of rearmament. Politicians openly protested against the terms of the Treaty and foreign ministers worked for changes to the terms diplomatically.

The government worked secretly to break some of the terms of the Treaty.

Question 24

Example of foreign ministers working for changes to the Treaty of Versailles diplomatically.

Answer 24

Gustav Stresemann secured Germany’s entry into the League of Nations in 1924.

Question 25

Example of the Weimar government secretly breaking the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

Answer 25

Secret rearmament agreements were made with the USSR which allowed German armaments to be made on Soviet Soil by Soviet companies, the training of German soldiers (a tank-training school was set up in 1926) and by 1928 the building and testing of German tanks in Russia.

Question 26

How did the Treaty of Versailles affect Nazi foreign policy?

Answer 26

Opposing it made any political party popular and the Nazis , like many Germans, rejected the Treaty. The Nazi foreign policy therefore aimed to overturn the terms of the Treaty.

Question 27

What were some of the unintended consequences of the Treaty?

Answer 27

States in Eastern Europe created by the Treaty e.g Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, were often weak and had ethnic divisions. After the signing of Versailles, 6.4 million Germans found themselves outside the new borders.

The unintended consequences of the creation of these states was that their weakness and demographics made them desirable targets for Germany, the USSR, Italy and Poland. For the Nazis, therefore, uniting German speaking people included endorsing a policy of expansionism and Germanisation.

Question 28

How did the response of the Allies to the Treaty also encourage the Nazis to expand further and develop militarily?

Answer 28

Some (e.g Britain, prime minister Lloyd George) perceived the terms of the Treaty as too harsh and consequently turned a blind eye to Germany’s infringement of the terms such as rearmament.

They seemed to accept this reversal of “unfair” terms, hoping that Germany, if appeased, would not pursue expansionist policies and they would not have to fight another war. Instead, Hitler and the Nazis were given the confidence to pursue expansionists goals in their foreign policy.

Question 28

How did the response of the Allies to the Treaty also encourage the Nazis to expand further and develop militarily?

Answer 28

Some (e.g Britain) perceived the terms of the Treaty as too harsh and consequently turned a blind eye to Germany’s infringement of the terms such as rearmament.

They seemed to accept this reversal of “unfair” terms, hoping that Germany, if appeased, would not pursue expansionist policies and they would not have to fight another war. Instead, Hitler and the Nazis were given the confidence to pursue expansionists goals in their foreign policy.

Question 29

Third Reich summarised

Answer 29

• Nazi desires for a strong, powerful Germany and idea that power/land is a German right, is influenced by history and previous empires’ achievements and policies.
• Hitler and the Nazis focused on the successes of previous German empires - they wanted to return Germany to its former glory.

Question 30

What did Hitler and the Nazis continue with regarding the Weimar Republic and the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 30

Hitler and the Nazis continued Weimar’s infringement of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles e.g secret rearmament with Soviets.

Question 31

How did the impact of World War One and the Treaty of Versailles influence Nazi foreign policy?

Answer 31

• Opposing the Treaty increased the Nazi’s popularity
• Determining the Nazi’s vision for expansion (uniting German-speaking people)
• Giving the Nazis the confidence to pursue expansionism e.g Allies like Britain

Question 32

Overturning the Treaty of Versailles - 𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗶𝘁𝘆 (structuralist)

Answer 32

Continuity with Weimar government, clearly the Kaiser had no views on the Treaty - Weimar politicians wanted to overturn Treaty and return to Germany as it was in 1914. Turned a blind eye to rearmament. Politicians even secretly broke some of the terms of the Treaty e.g the limitations placed on the size of the army.

Likewise Hitler wanted to rearm and regain lost land.

Question 33

Overturning the Treaty of Versailles - 𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲 (internationalist, departure in German foreign policies)

Answer 33

Hitler wanted more, wanted to expand beyond pre-war border. But did not want colonies because he didn’t want the problems of managing colonies until Germany was fully established in Europe.

The Weimar government, however, wanted to restore Germany’s colonies.

Question 34

The Third Reich should be a large and powerful world power - 𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗶𝘁𝘆 (structuralist)

Answer 34

The Kaiser’s government wanted to extend Germany’s power in the world (but didn’t care about the ethnicity of its allies) and the Weimar government wanted Germany to be a world power, and like Hitler, saw war as a way of achieving that.

The Weimar government did not openly discuss expansion beyond the borders of 1914, although it did want Germany to be a world power again.

Chancellor von Bismarck had a policy of Weltpolitik.

Hitler’s policy aimed to create a large German empire as well. The pan-Germans League of the 1890s was later harnessed by Hitler in his drive to unite German speaking people.

Question 35

The Third Reich should be a large and powerful world power - 𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲 (internationalist, departure in German foreign policies)

Answer 35

• Hitler’s expansionist policy aimed to create a large German empire in Europe. This was to be achieved by alliances where possible, and war if necessary.
• Hitler wanted alliances with countries that had an “acceptable” ethnic mix. Britain was one of those countries. This didn’t mean Hitler wasn’t prepared to make short-term alliances with any country if it would benefit Germany - even Russia, which he condemned by the racial inferiority of its people and communism of its politics.

Question 36

The Third Reich needed Lebensraum - 𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗶𝘁𝘆 (structuralist)

Answer 36

Hitler’s expansionist policies meant taking Lebensraum to become a great nation and meet the needs of its people. This living space should come from the east and be cleared of all but pure Germans to allow the race to breed and flourish.

Hitler’s ideas about race were repeated often and publicly; earlier governments might have shared them but they were never integrated into government policy.

The Kaiser’s government had similar ideas about the need to expand and the direction of expansion (although unlike Hitler, it wanted to acquire large numbers of colonies).

Question 37

The Third Reich needed Lebensraum - 𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲 (internationalist, departure in German foreign policies)

Answer 37

Hitler believed that Germany had a shortage of raw materials and farmland, and said that this much-needed living space should come from countries in the west with a high Slavic population and a significant German-speaking population.

Both Germany and the land it took over should, as soon as possible, be cleared of all but “pure” Germans, to allow the Germans to breed and flourish.

Question 38

Europe was under threat from world Jewry and Bolshevism - 𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲 (internationalist, departure in German foreign policies) NO CONTINUITY so biggest change

Answer 38

• Hitler regularly repeated his conviction that there was a worldwide conspiracy of Jews to control governments which would, sooner or later, have to be stopped. He felt that there was a definite Jewish strategy to stir up anti-German feeling in other countries, especially the USA and Britain.
• As well as being anti-Semitic, Hitler was also anti-communist and often saw the two groups as being in league with each other.

His concern was to delay war for as long as possible, so that Germany could rearm and make alliances to prevent attacks.

Question 39

What was Hitler’s early foreign policy?

Answer 39

Directed at convincing the Western powers that Germany wanted peace, nothing but peace, and the return of the land and people that were rightfully German, lost under the Treaty of Versailles. His real intentions were more expansionist.

Question 40

Continuing with previous foreign policy (structuralist argument)

Answer 40

• Germany was on an expansionist path before the Nazi era. Hitler merely enlarged this policy into the concept of Lebensraum.
• Creation of a Greater Germany (union with Austria and Bohemia) had been the vision of Austrian members of the Pan-German League pre-1914.
• Bismarck’s policy of Weltpolitik (“world policy”) and challenge to Britain for naval and colonial supremacy between 1891 and 1914 e.g race to build Dreadnoughts and race for colonies in Africa and the Pacific.
• Foreign policy of Stresemann focusing on the revision of the Treaty of Versailles and redrawing Germany’s frontiers in the east; secret rearmament in Soviet Russia.

Question 41

Break with previous foreign policy (intentionalist)

Answer 41

• Bismarck was strongly against the creation of a greater Germany, and the dismantling of Austria Hungary.
• Expansionism influenced by racial policies under Hitler (Lebensraum was not part of previous regimes’ foreign policies)
• Race defined policies towards the slavs of Eastern Europe (isolation after 1939 - extermination after 1941)
• Hitler’s stufenplan aimed to achieve Germany’s racial domination on a global scale vs Second Reich Weltpolitik which was more aimed to challenge Britain as a world colonial and naval power.

Question 42

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: Hitler followed the foreign policies of German leaders before him such as…

Answer 42

freeing Germany from the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles. For example, the Weimar government created the Kama tank school in the Soviet Union 1929-33 training German tank commanders.

Question 43

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: Hitler followed the foreign policies of German leaders before him such as…

Answer 43

freeing Germany from the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles. For example, the Weimar government created the Kama tank school in the Soviet Union 1929-33 training German tank commanders.

Question 44

What school had the Weimar government created in the Soviet Union? (also overturning Treaty of Versailles)

Answer 44

The Kama Tank School

Question 45

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱𝘀 𝗛𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗿 𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗽𝘂𝗿𝘀𝘂𝗲 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘆 𝗴𝗼𝗮𝗹𝘀, 𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝗶𝗱 𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟬𝘀, 𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝘁𝗼…

Answer 45

his predecessors e.g Stresemann aimed to overturn the Treaty of Versailles diplomatically and in spirit with the Dawes and Young plan that revised the reparations payments.

Question 46

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗵𝗮𝗱 𝗮 𝗵𝘂𝗴𝗲 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝗼𝗻 𝗡𝗮𝘇𝗶 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗮𝗶𝗺𝘀 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘆. 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲…

Answer 46

Weimar government had turned a blind eye to signs of rearmament.

Question 47

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗴𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁 𝗝𝗲𝘄𝘀 𝗵𝗮𝗱 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗮 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗮𝗰𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀 𝗘𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗻𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆…

Answer 47

2000 years. Concepts of Judaism came to be viewed as a negative racial characteristic rather than a religious identity in the 𝟭𝟵𝘁𝗵 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆.

Question 48

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗛𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗿 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿 𝗵𝗲 𝗮𝗹𝘀𝗼 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗱𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗲, 𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝘁𝗼…

Answer 48

previous German empires who had worked hard diplomatically for acceptance by other nations.

Question 49

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: 𝗨𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗹 𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟴, 𝗛𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗿 𝗸𝗲𝗽𝘁…

Answer 49

Weimar foreign office officials (such as the Foreign Minister and ambassadors) in place.

Question 50

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: 𝗛𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗿 𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗱 𝗡𝗮𝘇𝗶 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘆 𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗿𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗺𝗲𝘀. 𝗜𝗻 𝗡𝗮𝘇𝗶 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗮𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮 𝗛𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗿 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗵𝗶𝗺𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗳 𝗻𝗲𝘅𝘁 𝘁𝗼…

Answer 50

Bismarck the first Chancellor of the Second Reich. Hitler also called the regime the Third Reich following on the first and Second Reich’s.

Question 51

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝟭𝟵𝘁𝗵 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆, 𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗮𝗿 𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁, 𝘀𝘂𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗮𝗻-𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆, 𝗵𝗮𝗱 𝗮𝗿𝗴𝘂𝗲𝗱 𝗳𝗼𝗿…

Answer 51

“living space” at the expense of those in Eastern Europe.

Question 52

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗮 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗻 𝗔𝗿𝘆𝗮𝗻 𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗲𝗻 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗮…

Answer 52

French Count who transformed it from a term used to denote Indo-Germanic people to a racial term. Similarly Eugen Fischer (German professor of medicine, anthropology and eugenics) was influential on the subject of eugenics.

Question 53

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: 𝗛𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗿, 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱 𝗥𝗲𝗶𝗰𝗵, 𝗮𝗶𝗺𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗺𝗮𝗸𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗻𝘁, 𝗮 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘆 𝗳𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆…

Answer 53

German chancellors before WW1. Bernhard von Bulow Chancellor 1900-1909 advocated an aggressive foreign militaristic foreign policy. His Weltpolitik was dedicated to creating a German Empire through military force which would lead to conflict between France and possibly Britain.

Question 54

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: 𝗦𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗵𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗮𝗿𝗴𝘂𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗼𝗿 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻-𝗛𝗼𝗹𝗹𝘄𝗲𝗴 (𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟵-𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟳) 𝗮𝗱𝘃𝗼𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱…

Answer 54

war in 1914 to create territorial expansion in parts of Belgium, France and Russia.

Question 55

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗯𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗮𝘇𝗶’𝘀 𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 “𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿𝘀” 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲…

Answer 55

Second Reich.

Question 56

Nazi foreign policy was a continuation of German governments that came before: What example is there of previous German genocide in the the early 1900s? (campaign of ethnic extermination and collective punishment)

Answer 56

• Germany developed colonies in modern day Namibia in the 19th century with the aim of providing Lebensraum.
• Colonial farmers exploited the indigenous Herero people in part legitimised by Social Darwinism.
• In January 1904, the local tribes revolted against German colonial rule.
• The revolt was suppressed and many were forced into concentration camps.
• A deliberate policy of genocide was instigated. From the original population of 80,000, only 16,363 Herero remained.

Question 57

Nazi foreign policy was a break with the past and offered something new: 𝗛𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘆 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗮 𝗱𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗼…

Answer 57

return to the pre-1914 borders but to destroy the Europe created at Versailles.

Question 58

Nazi foreign policy was a break with the past and offered something new: 𝗥𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗻𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲…

Answer 58

driving force behind any other German regimes’ foreign policy, marking Hitler’s actions 1933-39 unique.

Question 59

Nazi foreign policy was a break with the past and offered something new: 𝗛𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗶𝗿𝗱 𝗥𝗲𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝘁𝗼 𝗲𝘅𝗽𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗯𝗲𝘆𝗼𝗻𝗱 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗽𝗿𝗲-𝘄𝗮𝗿 𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗱𝗶𝗱 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗹𝗲𝗺 𝗼𝗳…

Answer 59

managing colonies.

Question 60

Nazi foreign policy was a break with the past and offered something new: 𝗔𝗻 𝗮𝗴𝗴𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗽𝗼licy 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘀𝗼 𝗸𝗲𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝗛𝗶𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗮𝘇𝗶𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘀 𝗼𝘂𝘁𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘆 𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗱𝘀…

Answer 60

preparing Germany for war, unlike previous regimes.

• Economy - 4 years plan, autarky
• Education - preparing boys to be soldiers
• Women - to have many children, not only to create population but with the aim of providing workers/soldiers.