Wars of the Roses (All), 1471-1499 Flashcards
138 of what were passed in Henry VII’s reign compared to 140 by Edward IV and 104 by Richard III?
Attainders
Annual income from what increased from only £350 in 1487 to £6,000 by 1507?
Feudal dues
Approximately how large was Lincoln’s invasion force in June 1487?
6,000 men
Approximately how much did Henry VII request in forced loans in 1496 to combat Warbeck and the Scots?
£10,000
As the aunt of the next generation of Yorkists what did Margaret of Burgundy provide to Yorkist pretenders?
Legitimacy
At which battle in 1471 were the Lancastrian heir and nobles ruthlessly killed?
Tewkesbury
At which battle on 22 August 1485 was Richard III killed by Henry Tudor’s forces?
Bosworth
From what profession and training were most bishops appointed?
Lawyers
How did Henry VII attempt to limit Margaret’s influence in 1493 by placing this on trade with the Netherlands?
Embargo
How did Richard III refer to the former queen when she left sanctuary in March 1484?
Dame Elizabeth Grey
How long was the truce agreed between Edward IV and Louis XI in the Treaty of Picquigny?
Seven years
How many attainders were issued against Richard III’s supporters at the parliament of November 1485?
Twenty-eight
How many attainders were issued by Edward IV after he regained the throne in 1471?
Thirteen
How many bonds were collected In the first decade of Henry VII’s kingship?
191
How many mercenaries were provided to Henry Tudor by the French in 1485?
c.2,000
How many of Richard III’s fifty-four councillors had once been in service to Edward IV?
twenty-four
How many times did Henry VII request parliamentary grants to assist him in war?
Three
How much money did Edward IV receive per year in addition to the initial£15,000 due to the Treaty of Picquigny?
£10,000
In his 24 year reign how many times did Henry VII summon parliament?
Seven
In what year did Anthony Woodville become the guardian of Edward IV’s son, Edward, at Ludlow Castle?
1473
In what year did Henry VII reduce some of the trade privileges, such as immunity from taxation, enjoyed by foreign merchants?
1496
In what year did the English Church grant Henry VII £25,000 towards the cost of the French war?
1489
In what year did Thomas Grey marry Cecilly, the wealthy Bonville heiress?
1474
In what year had Edward IV placed greater theoretical limits of retaining that he and the nobility largely ignored?
1468
In what year had George of Clarence and Warwick captured and imprisoned Edward IV?
1469
In what year was an ordinance published regarding Household expenditure?
1478
In what year was John de Vere attainted after being placed in Hammes Castle?
1475
In what year was the loophole over ‘lawful’ retaining was partly closed and was accompanied by a recognisance?
1487
In which English region did a lack of a dominant figure cause chaos in Henry VII’s reign?
North Midlands
In which English region did John de Vere become the dominant figure in Henry VII’s reign?
East Anglia
In which English region was Sir Giles Daubeney made Baron Daubeney in 1486 and became dominant?
South West
In which region did Edward IV promote Richard of Gloucester to dominance from July 1471 onwards?
Northern England
In which region of England was Thomas Grey, Edward IV’s stepson, the real power in the second reign?
South West
In which region were the northerners Lord Scrope of Bolton and Richard Ratcliffe heavily rewarded?
South West England
In which year did Charles of Burgundy die in battle leaving his daughter Mary as his heiress?
1477
In which year did Henry Tudor learn of a deal between Brittany and Richard III and flee to France?
1484
In which year did Henry Tudor learn of a deal between Brittany and Richard III and then flee to France?
1484
In which year did Jasper and Henry Tudor flee abroad but were shipwrecked in Brittany and became prisoners?
1471
In which year did Richard of Gloucester invade Scotland for Edward IV?
1482
In which year did the Scots begin to breach the truce with England arranged by Edward IV?
1480
Income from what increased from £29,000 in 1485 to £42,000 in 1509?
Crown lands
Marriage of Clarence to which sister of James III’s was blocked because Edward IV did not trust his brother?
Margaret
On what day did Henry VII’s coronation occur, in a virtually identical style to Richard III’s?
30 October 1485
On which day did Gloucester, Buckingham and Edward V enter London?
4 May 1483
Renewed war with which country in 1484 was probably an expensive error for Richard III?
Scotland
The 1486 Act of Resumption reclaimed all Crown lands and properties granted away since when?
1455
The government of which new king of France actively supported Henry Tudor?
Charles VIII
The leaders of which prominent south-west city refused to support the Cornish rebellion of 1497?
Bristol
The relative power of what in the localities continued to decline as Justices of the Peace became more important?
Sheriffs
The size of the nobility declined by approximately what percentage in Henry VII’s reign?
Twenty-five percent
What action against Edward IV’s children was revoked by Henry VII’s parliament?
Act of Bastardisation
What aspect of income did not greatly increase despite efforts by Henry VII?
Customs duties
What attempt of Richard III’s, from 1484 onwards, to install loyal northerners in the south generated resentment?
northern plantations’
What between 1472 and 1475 provided Edward IV with £48,000?
Church Taxes
What continually provided stability at a local level through tithes, services and its own courts?
Church
What did 104 persons connected with the 1483 (‘Buckingham’s) rebellion suffer in the parliament of 1484?
Attainder
What did Clarence allegedly spread rumours about regarding Edward IV?
Illegitimacy
What did Clarence imply he was afraid of by not eating or drinking at Edward IV’s royal court?
poison
What did Clarence unsuccessfully seek to demonstrate his innocence of treason?
Trial by Combat
What did Edward IV appoint to investigate his enemies and rebels in Kent and Essex after his restoration?
Commissions
What did Edward IV establish in 1472 to tighten his control over the principality and neighbouring lands?
Council of Wales and the Marches
What did Edward IV negotiate in 1473-74 that restored relations with the Hanseatic League?
Treaty of Utrecht
What did Edward IV offer to many of his opponents during the early years of both of his reigns?
Clemency
What did Edward IV try to levy, just the once, in 1472-73?
Income Tax
What did Edward IV use to bypass the Exchequer, creating a more informal and flexible system of finance?
King’s Chamber
What did forced loans and the pawning of some crown jewels show that Richard III faced by 1485?
financial difficulties
What did Francis II of Brittany emptily promise Edward IV for his invasion of France?
8000 men
What did Gloucester allege that the Woodvilles had attempted to do through an ambush on his journey to London?
Kill him
What did Gloucester order to be sent to him from the north, especially York, in early June?
Military reinforcements
What did Henry VII gain each year from his French pension agreed by the treaty of Etaples?
£5,000
What did Henry VII lack which reduced the potential for overmighty subjects?
Male relatives
What did Henry VII make the first day of his reign so that his enemies at Bosworth were traitors?
21 August 1485
What did Henry VII pass laws curbing in 1485, 1487 and 1504?
Retaining
What did Henry VII undertake by act of parliament in 1486 but was careful not to alienate too many nobles?
Resumption
What did Lincoln take over running in April 1484 even though he had no lands or support there?
Council of the North
What did receipts from bonds rise from £3000 in 1493 to in 1505?
£35,000
What did Richard III declare illegal in the parliament of 1484?
Benevolences
What did Richard III formally establish in 1484 under John de la Pole’s leadership?
Council of the North
What did Richard III have that warned him of the 1483 rebellion?
Spy network
What did Richard III have to resort in 1485 to even though he had banned very similar benevolences?
forced loans
What did the Church provide at a local level through tithes, services and church courts?
Stability
What did the Crown’s income rise to because of more efficient methods of collection?
£70,000
What did the minority council refuse to agree that Rivers and Richard Grey had committed?
Treason
What enabled Henry VII to reclaim all lands held by Henry VI before the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses?
Act of Resumption
What force did Edward IV send to aid the Bretons against French invasion in 1472?
3000 archers
What had Clarence allegedly treasonously kept from 1470 declaring he was heir to York?
Exemplification
What had the Woodville family been until Edward IV pardoned them in the early 1460s?
Lancastrians
What has it been suggested that Gloucester seized the throne in 1483 out of fear of losing?
northern estates
What in 1494 decreed that only the king had the power to summon an Irish parliament and approve the passing of laws?
Poyning’s law
What innovation of Edward IV’s first reign visited crown estates and ensured they were properly audited?
Crown commissioners
What might Gloucester have feared because the new king had been raised by the Woodvilles?
Edward V’s minority
What mutual defence was made between Edward IV and Duke Charles of Burgundy in 1474?
Treaty of London
What name is given to Henry VII’s chief advisers and servants from the ranks of lesser landowners or gentry or professions?
New men’
What name is given to Richard’s attempts from, 1484 onwards, to install loyal northerners in the south?
northern plantations’
What new unit of elite bodyguards did Henry VII create to protect him?
Yeomen of the Guard
What poor compensation title was William Herbert’s son given by Edward IV for surrendering his influence in Wales?
Earl of Huntingdon
What provided the Crown with an annual pension of £10,000 from 1475 until 1482?
Treaty of Picquigny
What provided Edward IV with an income that varied between £300 and £8000 per annum?
Profits from Justice
What recorded the workings of the household in 1471-72 in an attempt to cut its expenditure?
Black Book of the Household
What resulted in 1494 from the reorganisation of Irish government with Sir Edmund Poynings in charge but collapsed by 1496?
Council in Ireland
What title was given to Richard of Gloucester after his brother’s death?
Protector
What was a kind of forced payment, introduced in 1475, which did not have to be repaid?
Benevolence
What was bestowed on 37 loyal subjects by Henry VII and was cheap as no land was attached?
Order of the Garter
What was effectively headed by Jasper Tudor until his death in 1495?
Council in Wales and the Marches
What was established by Richard III in 1484 to help poor people in search of justice?
Council of Requests and Supplications
What was George of Clarence most likely drowned in on 18 February 1478?
Malmesey wine
What was one of the main reasons for the failure of Buckingham’s Rebellion in late 1483?
Poor co-ordination
What was ruled first by Henry Percy until 1489 and then by Thomas Howard, although he was not a northern power?
Council of the North
What was set up, allegedly largely rejecting the will of Edward IV, and was dominated by the Woodvilles?
Minority council
What was signed between Henry VII and Charles VIII of France in November 1492?
Treaty of Etaples
What was the amount that the Crown had to spend annually in order to govern the kingdom effectively?
£50,000
What was the annual average amount received by the Crown from customs revenues in Edward’s second reign?
£34,000
What was the average number of Justices of the Peace commissioned for a county?
Eighteen
What was the enormous total of the bonds raised by the Marquis of Dorset’s friends in 1491 so that he could remain free?
£10,000
What was the name of the Earl of Lincoln, the son of Richard III’s sister Elizabeth?
John de la Pole
What was the poorer earldom that William Herbert, son of the dead New Yorkist, had to take instead of Pembroke in 1479?
Huntingdon
What was the total value of the confiscated lands Richard granted to his loyal, mainly northern followers in 1484?
£12,000
What was threatened by Warbeck’s actions in the 1490s because of fears of a contested crown?
Anglo-Spanish alliance
What were always appointed annually from among the local landowners in each county to represent the king?
Sheriffs
What were both Warbeck and Edward of Warwick accused of conspiring in 1499 that led to their executions?
Treason
What were formal acknowledgements of actual debts or other obligations that already existed?
Recognisances
What were over half of the peerage in Henry’s reign obliged to give to the crown?
Bonds
What were the consequences of Henry VII unsuccessful 1493 embargo against Margaret of Burgundy?
Riots
What were the Woodvilles anxious to organise as quickly as possible?
Edward V’s coronation
What were there relatively few of in England at this time in contrast to France and Spain?
Aristocratic bishops
When did Edward IV issue a general pardon?
October 1471
When did Edward IV sign a treaty with James III of Scotland?
October 1474
When did Elizabeth of York gain ‘attention’ from Richard III when her and her mother came to court?
Christmas 1484
When did Elizabeth of York give birth to Henry VII’s first child? A boy named Arthur.
September 1486
When did George Neville die without any children?
4 May 1483
When did Gloucester arrest Hastings, Lord Stanley and John Morton, on charges of treason?
13 June 1483
When did Gloucester take the throne and was formally acknowledged as King Richard III?
26 June 1483
When did Henry VII raise a forced loan of £48,500 to assist him in an intended defence of Brittany?
1491
When did Henry VII’s first parliament meet to declare and confirm his kingship?
7 November 1485
When did John de Vere unsuccessfully attempt to land his opposition force against Edward IV in Essex?
May 1473
When did ‘Lady Elizabeth Grey’ and her daughters leave the sanctuary of Westminster Abbey?
1 March 1484
When did Parliament formally and publicly request that Henry VII marry Elizabeth of York?
10 December 1485
When did Parliament meet at Westminster mainly to arraign the duke for treason?
January 1478
When did Perkin Warbeck leave Scotland, return to Ireland but then sail straight to Devon?
July 1497
When did Richard III put John Fitzalan at sea to police the English Channel?
March 1484
