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History || Origins and Growth of the British Empire > Wars > Flashcards

Wars Flashcards

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1
Q

Anglo-Spanish War dates

A

1585-1604

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2
Q

Anglo-Spanish War key nations involved

A

Spain
England

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3
Q

Anglo-Spanish War causes

A
  • Exploits of the privateers
  • English intervention in the Netherland’s uprising
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4
Q

Anglo-Spanish War main events

A
  • Spanish Armada
  • England striking Spanish in ports
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5
Q

Anglo-Spanish War consequences

A
  • England victorious over Spain
  • Grew in naval power
  • Spain targeted by English privateers who gained popularity and status as a result of the victory
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6
Q

First Anglo-Dutch War dates

A

1652-1654

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7
Q

First Anglo-Dutch War key nations involved

A

England
Netherlands

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8
Q

First Anglo-Dutch War causes

A

Tensions caused by the Navigation Act of 1651

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9
Q

First Anglo-Dutch War main events

A

A series of naval battles saw both sides exhausted

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10
Q

First Anglo-Dutch War consequences

A

Treaty of Westminster 1654

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11
Q

Second Anglo-Spanish War dates

A

1654-1660

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12
Q

Second Anglo-Spanish War key nations involved

A

England
Spain
France

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13
Q

Second Anglo-Spanish War causes

A
  • Commercial rivalry
  • Each side attacked the other’s commercial and colonial interests through privateering and naval expeditions
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14
Q

Second Anglo-Spanish War key events

A
  • England and France entered a formal military alliance against sPAIN
  • Ended in 1660 with the restoration
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15
Q

Second Anglo-Spanish War consequences

A
  • 1657 English naval blockade severely disrupted Spanish economy
  • Dunkirk given back to England, however Charles sold it back in November 1662
  • Half a million was promised to England, but less than £300,000 was paid
  • Jamaica remained a British colony
  • Spanish formally recognised British ownership of Jamaica 1670
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16
Q

Second Anglo-Dutch War dates

A

1665-1667

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17
Q

Second Anglo-Dutch War key nations involved

A

England
Netherlands
France

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18
Q

Second Anglo-Dutch War causes

A

Charles II passed anti-Dutch mercantilist policies
Capture of New Amsterdam 1664

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19
Q

Second Anglo-Dutch War main events

A

Dutch burnt British fleet at Chatham
Fighting in Caribbean
Dutch and French attached Antigua and St Kitts

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20
Q

Second Anglo-Dutch War consequences

A

War contributed to Charles II’s near bankruptcy and fear in London of invasion
Treaty of Breda allowed England to keep New Amsterdam
Britain was no longer allowed to trade nutmeg and it had to slightly weaken the Navigation Acts

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21
Q

Third Anglo-Dutch War dates

A

1672-1674

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22
Q

Third Anglo-Dutch War key nations involved

A

England
Netherlands
France

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23
Q

Third Anglo-Dutch War causes

A

Charles II was obliged to assist Louis XIV in his attack on the Dutch Republic in the Franco-Dutch War

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24
Q

Third Anglo-Dutch War main events

A

Navy had been rebuilt so England were decisively stronger, however ended in British defeat

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25
Q

Third Anglo-Dutch War consequences

A

Parliament forced Charles to make peace, reinstated Treaty of Westminster

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26
Q

War of Spanish Succession dates

A

1701-1714

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27
Q

War of Spanish Succession key nations involved

A

England
Spain
France
Portugal
Holy Roman Empire

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28
Q

War of Spanish Succession causes

A
  • Death of the King of Spain, Charles II
  • He had no heirs, which gave Louis XIV an opportunity to unite France and Spain
  • Unity was a major imbalance of power, so Louis XIV faced major opposition from European powers
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29
Q

War of Spanish Succession key events

A
  • Louis invaded Spain and began to take land for his own
  • War was fought in the Spanish Netherlands and in the Americas
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30
Q

War of Spanish Succession consequences

A
  • Spain fell into Civil War
  • Cruisers and Convoys Act 1708, the British navy was duty bound to police trade routes and protect merchant fleets from privateers, pirates or the Spanish
  • France dominated the Mediterranean Sea, which was a obstacle to English and Indian/ Middle Eastern trade
  • Two-power standard policy implemented, meant that British naval fleet was twice the size of the next two largest combined
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31
Q

Queen Anne’s War dates

A

1702-1713, part of War of Spanish Succession

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32
Q

Queen Anne’s War key nations involved

A

England
France
Spain
Native Americans

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33
Q

Queen Anne’s War causes

A
  • Fur trade
  • Disputes with the French in control of the Hudson Bay area
34
Q

Queen Anne’s War key events

A
  • Raids between Carolina and Spanish Florida, which led to the decimation of the Indian population
  • The New English colonies fought against the French Indian forces in Acadia and Canada
  • Newfoundland British and French raided each other’s settlements
35
Q

Queen Anne’s War consequences

A
  • Treaty of Utrecht 1713
  • British took control of the Nova Scotia peninsula, which was previously French populated, French were allowed to keep their Catholic faith
  • British took Newfoundland, sign of their domination over the Atlantic sea coast
  • Awarded the Hudson Bay area alongside its lucrative fur trade
  • British received the French half of St. Kitts and in addition, were granted an asiento to transport 4800 slaves per year to South America + were allowed to take one ship to trade normal commodities with the Spain
  • Britain established foothold in Minorca and Gibraltar
36
Q

War of Austrian Succession dates

A

1740-1748

37
Q

War of Austrian Succession key nations involved

A

France
Britain
Netherlands
Italy
Spain
Fighting in the Americas and West Indies

38
Q

War of Austrian Succession causes

A
  • Succession of Maria Theresa of Austria, prospect of a female empress not received well
  • Louis XV took control of Austria through military force
  • English and Dutch united against France
39
Q

War of Austrian Succession main events

A
  • Jacobite Rebellion in England 1745
  • Carnatic Wars in India
  • King George’s and Jenkin’s Ear Wars
40
Q

War of Austrian Succession consequences

A
  • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748
  • Essentially ensured that everything returned to the way it was prior to the war - status quo antebellum
  • Accepted that Maria Theresa would become Empress of Austria
41
Q

King George’s War dates

A

1744 - 1748, part of War of AS

42
Q

King George’s War key nations involved

A

New France
Britain
America

43
Q

King George’s War causes

A
  • Fought for control over the fur trade and river access
  • Each side wanted more dominance in the Americas and Europe, main aim was more dominance in key geographical areas
44
Q

King George’s War main events

A
  • Native Americans fought on both sides
  • Each side tried to capture each other’s forts and worked upon military rival expeditions
45
Q

King George’s War consequences

A
  • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748
  • Ensured that Britain Louisburg and the French returned Madras
  • Many colonists were angry and lives had been lost in the capture of Louisburg, so to see it back in French hands made them furious
  • Feelings were worsened by the promise of more troops never materialising
46
Q

War of Jenkins’s Ear dates

A

1739-1748

47
Q

War of Jenkins’s Ear key nations involved

A

Spain
England
Fought in the Caribbean

48
Q

War of Jenkins’s Ear causes

A

The British had been given permission to trade in the Caribbean due to the Treaty of Utrecht. This caused tensions. 


49
Q

War of Jenkins’s Ear main events

A
  • Capture of Porto Bello by Admiral Edward Vernon in 1739
- Robert Jenkins displayed his severed ear to parliament and blamed the Spanish
50
Q

War of Jenkins’s Ear consequences

A
  • Public disappointment due to France supporting Spain. They thought gains could be made and a foothold in American trade would happen – it didn’t. 
- Left to colonial troops, put on the back burner. European wars were clearly more important to the British government.
51
Q

First Carnatic War dates

A

1746-1748

52
Q

First Carnatic War key nations involved

A

India
France
England

53
Q

First Carnatic War causes

A
  • A wider attempt to gain global control and control of shipping
  • The central Mogul power was breaking down causing tension in Indian society
  • A breakdown of peace between French and British merchants
54
Q

First Carnatic War main events

A

1746: The French captured Madras, followed by Adyar.
The Navies played large parts.


55
Q

First Carnatic War consequences

A

Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle settled the conflict. 

Indian troops and European weapons technology was a potent combination, seen in the French victory. 

The Naval superiority of the British and their two-power standard was beginning to show. This put French traders at a disadvantage in the East. 

These disadvantages then played a large role in the conflict in Europe, as it seriously undermined the finances of Louis and thus greatly compromised his ability to wage prolonged campaigns.

56
Q

Second Carnatic War dates

A

1749-1754

57
Q

Second Carnatic War key nations involved

A

India
Britain
France

58
Q

Second Carnatic War causes

A

1749: The leader of the French EIC, Dupleix, made a bid for Southern India, supporting the Nawab of Hyderabad (Chanda Sahib). The English EIC supported a claim from a rival claimant (Muhammad Ali)

59
Q

Second Carnatic War main events

A

The French drove Ali back to Trichinopoly and besieged him there. Clive was able to take Arcot by surprise and held the city through a 50-day siege. In 1750, Ali took the throne of the Carnatic and Dupleix was sent home where he died in poverty

60
Q

Second Carnatic War consequences

A

The EIC had shown it could play an effective role in the rougher sort of Indian politics.

Clive returned to England but spent the money he had made, mainly trying to become and MP. He returned to India serving on the military side of the company. Dupleix had failed because he was operating on a region where profits were so small that the heavy military expenditure could not be justified.

It should be noted that both the French and the British governments disapproved of the companies fighting whilst the two nations were at peace.

61
Q

Seven Years War dates

A

1756-1763

62
Q

Seven Years War key nations involved

A

Britain
France 
Prussia
Russia
Austria

63
Q

Seven Years War causes

A

The commercial and imperial rivalry between Britain and France. The antagonism between Prussia (allied to Britain) and Austria (Allied to France).

64
Q

Seven Years War main events

A

The invasion of Saxony by Frederick the Great of Prussia. Conflict ended with land exchanges in the Treaty of Paris 1763.

65
Q

Seven Years War consequences

A

Change in global power balances, massive impacts on world trade. There were also disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the wars expenses led to colonial discontent. This led ultimately to the American Revolution.

Status Quo Antebellum

66
Q

French and Indian War dates

A

1754-1763, part of Seven Years War

67
Q

French and Indian War key nations involved

A

France
India
Native Tribes

68
Q

French and Indian War causes

A

Began with a dispute of control over the Allegheny River

69
Q

French and Indian War main events

A

Jul 9th 1755: Britain lost the Battle of the Monongahela
The British Government under Pitt was becoming tumultuous

70
Q

French and Indian War consequences

A

Britain gained Quebec.
Both countries suffered devastating long term financial consequences
Doubled Britain’s national debt
Elimination of French from America until the War of Independence
Devastating outbreak of small pox from natives fighting with the french. Wiped out many communities.
Treaty of Paris – 10th February 1763. France chose to cede their Canadian and American colonies in order to keep their Caribbean ones

71
Q

Third Carnatic War dates

A

1756-1763, part of Seven Years War

72
Q

Third Carnatic War key nations involved

A

India
Britain

73
Q

Third Carnatic War causes

A

The Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-ud-Daulah) seized Calcutta and placed a number of British survivors in what became known as the ‘Black Hole of Calcutta’.’ (123 out of 146 captured died)

74
Q

Third Carnatic War main events

A

Clive was sent to Calcutta to proceed negotiations with the Nawab who withdrew. Clive led a conspiracy against the Nawab and led his army of 3000 inro the Battle of Plassey. (1757). The Nawab’s army disintegrated and the new ruler, Mir Jafar (backed by the English) was place don the throne.

75
Q

Third Carnatic War consequences

A

Mir Jafar’s generosity completely transformed the process by which the company’s employees conducted business to supplement the Company’s small retaining fee. Clive’s estimate was that the company had made £3 million out of the change of ruler.

Clive became the richest man in England, with land rents of £27,000 per annum. He was awarded a rank which made him part of India’s ruling class.

The EIC was far more implicated in the affairs of Bengal than had previously been the case. They did not consider themselves Empire Builders, but were drawn into local diplomacy.

However, the results were not all favourable. Expenditures rose by 548,000 in 10 years as a result of being in local politics. Clive’s personal riches could also encourage privateering. Questions of legitimacy and the nature of a company being involved in politics also meant taxing questions.

76
Q

War of American Independence dates

A

1775-1783

77
Q

War of American Independence key nations involved

A
78
Q

War of American Independence causes

A
79
Q

War of American Independence main events

A
80
Q

War of American Independence consequences

A

History || Origins and Growth of the British Empire (11 decks)

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