Wars Flashcards
Anglo-Spanish War dates
1585-1604
Anglo-Spanish War key nations involved
Spain
England
Anglo-Spanish War causes
- Exploits of the privateers
- English intervention in the Netherland’s uprising
Anglo-Spanish War main events
- Spanish Armada
- England striking Spanish in ports
Anglo-Spanish War consequences
- England victorious over Spain
- Grew in naval power
- Spain targeted by English privateers who gained popularity and status as a result of the victory
First Anglo-Dutch War dates
1652-1654
First Anglo-Dutch War key nations involved
England
Netherlands
First Anglo-Dutch War causes
Tensions caused by the Navigation Act of 1651
First Anglo-Dutch War main events
A series of naval battles saw both sides exhausted
First Anglo-Dutch War consequences
Treaty of Westminster 1654
Second Anglo-Spanish War dates
1654-1660
Second Anglo-Spanish War key nations involved
England
Spain
France
Second Anglo-Spanish War causes
- Commercial rivalry
- Each side attacked the other’s commercial and colonial interests through privateering and naval expeditions
Second Anglo-Spanish War key events
- England and France entered a formal military alliance against sPAIN
- Ended in 1660 with the restoration
Second Anglo-Spanish War consequences
- 1657 English naval blockade severely disrupted Spanish economy
- Dunkirk given back to England, however Charles sold it back in November 1662
- Half a million was promised to England, but less than £300,000 was paid
- Jamaica remained a British colony
- Spanish formally recognised British ownership of Jamaica 1670
Second Anglo-Dutch War dates
1665-1667
Second Anglo-Dutch War key nations involved
England
Netherlands
France
Second Anglo-Dutch War causes
Charles II passed anti-Dutch mercantilist policies
Capture of New Amsterdam 1664
Second Anglo-Dutch War main events
Dutch burnt British fleet at Chatham
Fighting in Caribbean
Dutch and French attached Antigua and St Kitts
Second Anglo-Dutch War consequences
War contributed to Charles II’s near bankruptcy and fear in London of invasion
Treaty of Breda allowed England to keep New Amsterdam
Britain was no longer allowed to trade nutmeg and it had to slightly weaken the Navigation Acts
Third Anglo-Dutch War dates
1672-1674
Third Anglo-Dutch War key nations involved
England
Netherlands
France
Third Anglo-Dutch War causes
Charles II was obliged to assist Louis XIV in his attack on the Dutch Republic in the Franco-Dutch War
Third Anglo-Dutch War main events
Navy had been rebuilt so England were decisively stronger, however ended in British defeat
Third Anglo-Dutch War consequences
Parliament forced Charles to make peace, reinstated Treaty of Westminster
War of Spanish Succession dates
1701-1714
War of Spanish Succession key nations involved
England
Spain
France
Portugal
Holy Roman Empire
War of Spanish Succession causes
- Death of the King of Spain, Charles II
- He had no heirs, which gave Louis XIV an opportunity to unite France and Spain
- Unity was a major imbalance of power, so Louis XIV faced major opposition from European powers
War of Spanish Succession key events
- Louis invaded Spain and began to take land for his own
- War was fought in the Spanish Netherlands and in the Americas
War of Spanish Succession consequences
- Spain fell into Civil War
- Cruisers and Convoys Act 1708, the British navy was duty bound to police trade routes and protect merchant fleets from privateers, pirates or the Spanish
- France dominated the Mediterranean Sea, which was a obstacle to English and Indian/ Middle Eastern trade
- Two-power standard policy implemented, meant that British naval fleet was twice the size of the next two largest combined
Queen Anne’s War dates
1702-1713, part of War of Spanish Succession
Queen Anne’s War key nations involved
England
France
Spain
Native Americans
Queen Anne’s War causes
- Fur trade
- Disputes with the French in control of the Hudson Bay area
Queen Anne’s War key events
- Raids between Carolina and Spanish Florida, which led to the decimation of the Indian population
- The New English colonies fought against the French Indian forces in Acadia and Canada
- Newfoundland British and French raided each other’s settlements
Queen Anne’s War consequences
- Treaty of Utrecht 1713
- British took control of the Nova Scotia peninsula, which was previously French populated, French were allowed to keep their Catholic faith
- British took Newfoundland, sign of their domination over the Atlantic sea coast
- Awarded the Hudson Bay area alongside its lucrative fur trade
- British received the French half of St. Kitts and in addition, were granted an asiento to transport 4800 slaves per year to South America + were allowed to take one ship to trade normal commodities with the Spain
- Britain established foothold in Minorca and Gibraltar
War of Austrian Succession dates
1740-1748
War of Austrian Succession key nations involved
France
Britain
Netherlands
Italy
Spain
Fighting in the Americas and West Indies
War of Austrian Succession causes
- Succession of Maria Theresa of Austria, prospect of a female empress not received well
- Louis XV took control of Austria through military force
- English and Dutch united against France
War of Austrian Succession main events
- Jacobite Rebellion in England 1745
- Carnatic Wars in India
- King George’s and Jenkin’s Ear Wars
War of Austrian Succession consequences
- Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748
- Essentially ensured that everything returned to the way it was prior to the war - status quo antebellum
- Accepted that Maria Theresa would become Empress of Austria
King George’s War dates
1744 - 1748, part of War of AS
King George’s War key nations involved
New France
Britain
America
King George’s War causes
- Fought for control over the fur trade and river access
- Each side wanted more dominance in the Americas and Europe, main aim was more dominance in key geographical areas
King George’s War main events
- Native Americans fought on both sides
- Each side tried to capture each other’s forts and worked upon military rival expeditions
King George’s War consequences
- Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748
- Ensured that Britain Louisburg and the French returned Madras
- Many colonists were angry and lives had been lost in the capture of Louisburg, so to see it back in French hands made them furious
- Feelings were worsened by the promise of more troops never materialising
War of Jenkins’s Ear dates
1739-1748
War of Jenkins’s Ear key nations involved
Spain
England
Fought in the Caribbean
War of Jenkins’s Ear causes
The British had been given permission to trade in the Caribbean due to the Treaty of Utrecht. This caused tensions.
War of Jenkins’s Ear main events
- Capture of Porto Bello by Admiral Edward Vernon in 1739 - Robert Jenkins displayed his severed ear to parliament and blamed the Spanish
War of Jenkins’s Ear consequences
- Public disappointment due to France supporting Spain. They thought gains could be made and a foothold in American trade would happen – it didn’t. - Left to colonial troops, put on the back burner. European wars were clearly more important to the British government.
First Carnatic War dates
1746-1748
First Carnatic War key nations involved
India
France
England
First Carnatic War causes
- A wider attempt to gain global control and control of shipping
- The central Mogul power was breaking down causing tension in Indian society
- A breakdown of peace between French and British merchants
First Carnatic War main events
1746: The French captured Madras, followed by Adyar. The Navies played large parts.
First Carnatic War consequences
Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle settled the conflict. Indian troops and European weapons technology was a potent combination, seen in the French victory. The Naval superiority of the British and their two-power standard was beginning to show. This put French traders at a disadvantage in the East. These disadvantages then played a large role in the conflict in Europe, as it seriously undermined the finances of Louis and thus greatly compromised his ability to wage prolonged campaigns.
Second Carnatic War dates
1749-1754
Second Carnatic War key nations involved
India
Britain
France
Second Carnatic War causes
1749: The leader of the French EIC, Dupleix, made a bid for Southern India, supporting the Nawab of Hyderabad (Chanda Sahib). The English EIC supported a claim from a rival claimant (Muhammad Ali)
Second Carnatic War main events
The French drove Ali back to Trichinopoly and besieged him there. Clive was able to take Arcot by surprise and held the city through a 50-day siege. In 1750, Ali took the throne of the Carnatic and Dupleix was sent home where he died in poverty
Second Carnatic War consequences
The EIC had shown it could play an effective role in the rougher sort of Indian politics.
Clive returned to England but spent the money he had made, mainly trying to become and MP. He returned to India serving on the military side of the company. Dupleix had failed because he was operating on a region where profits were so small that the heavy military expenditure could not be justified.
It should be noted that both the French and the British governments disapproved of the companies fighting whilst the two nations were at peace.
Seven Years War dates
1756-1763
Seven Years War key nations involved
Britain
France
Prussia
Russia
Austria
Seven Years War causes
The commercial and imperial rivalry between Britain and France. The antagonism between Prussia (allied to Britain) and Austria (Allied to France).
Seven Years War main events
The invasion of Saxony by Frederick the Great of Prussia. Conflict ended with land exchanges in the Treaty of Paris 1763.
Seven Years War consequences
Change in global power balances, massive impacts on world trade. There were also disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the wars expenses led to colonial discontent. This led ultimately to the American Revolution.
Status Quo Antebellum
French and Indian War dates
1754-1763, part of Seven Years War
French and Indian War key nations involved
France
India
Native Tribes
French and Indian War causes
Began with a dispute of control over the Allegheny River
French and Indian War main events
Jul 9th 1755: Britain lost the Battle of the Monongahela
The British Government under Pitt was becoming tumultuous
French and Indian War consequences
Britain gained Quebec.
Both countries suffered devastating long term financial consequences
Doubled Britain’s national debt
Elimination of French from America until the War of Independence
Devastating outbreak of small pox from natives fighting with the french. Wiped out many communities.
Treaty of Paris – 10th February 1763. France chose to cede their Canadian and American colonies in order to keep their Caribbean ones
Third Carnatic War dates
1756-1763, part of Seven Years War
Third Carnatic War key nations involved
India
Britain
Third Carnatic War causes
The Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-ud-Daulah) seized Calcutta and placed a number of British survivors in what became known as the ‘Black Hole of Calcutta’.’ (123 out of 146 captured died)
Third Carnatic War main events
Clive was sent to Calcutta to proceed negotiations with the Nawab who withdrew. Clive led a conspiracy against the Nawab and led his army of 3000 inro the Battle of Plassey. (1757). The Nawab’s army disintegrated and the new ruler, Mir Jafar (backed by the English) was place don the throne.
Third Carnatic War consequences
Mir Jafar’s generosity completely transformed the process by which the company’s employees conducted business to supplement the Company’s small retaining fee. Clive’s estimate was that the company had made £3 million out of the change of ruler.
Clive became the richest man in England, with land rents of £27,000 per annum. He was awarded a rank which made him part of India’s ruling class.
The EIC was far more implicated in the affairs of Bengal than had previously been the case. They did not consider themselves Empire Builders, but were drawn into local diplomacy.
However, the results were not all favourable. Expenditures rose by 548,000 in 10 years as a result of being in local politics. Clive’s personal riches could also encourage privateering. Questions of legitimacy and the nature of a company being involved in politics also meant taxing questions.
War of American Independence dates
1775-1783
War of American Independence key nations involved
War of American Independence causes
War of American Independence main events
War of American Independence consequences
