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Warfare Through Time Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in the nature of warfare

A

-weapons
-composition of armies

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2
Q

What is involved in the experiences of warfare

A

-Recruitment and training
-Experience of civilians

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3
Q

What are the factors of change

A

Science, technology, communication, government, individuals, attitudes.

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4
Q

How was the army structured in the medieval times

A

Command of armies was directly linked to social structure-the Feudal System.

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5
Q

Strengths of the feudal system (army)

A

-No standing army so money was not spent on troops during peacetime
-Potentially unlimited army

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6
Q

Weakness of feudal system (army)

A

-Command was decided by social position, not by ability or experience.
-Nobles are not used to being controlled so might not always be loyal.

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7
Q

Composition of infantry during medieval times

A

Common men-Fought as foot soldiers-bottom of the social ladder

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8
Q

Weapons in the infantry during medieval times

A

Swords and daggers. Some had club-like weapons such as a battle axe.

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9
Q

Armour used by the infantry in the medieval times

A

Most wore leather or padded linen jackets (gambesons). Best defended wore short mail skirts and most wore skull caps.

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10
Q

Composition of cavalry in the medieval times

A

-30% of the cavalry was formed by upper nobility
-mens at arms- heavily armed mounted troops brought to battle by nobles.
-Retinue- a nobleman’s group which varied from 5-25.

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11
Q

Weapons used by cavalry in medieval times

A

-normally took two horses to wore and fought on horse back.
-commonly used larces or thrusting spears or swords.

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12
Q

Armour used by cavalry in the medieval times

A

Most wore chainmail garments called hauberks. Flat top helmets and by 1250 most had face guards

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13
Q

What are tactics

A

An idea used to gain an objective

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14
Q

What are strategies

A

The overall campaign

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15
Q

Were battles avoided in the medieval period

A

They were avoided if possible as since kings led armies, losing a battle might mean that a king was killed or captured.

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16
Q

When was the campaigning season in the medieval period

A

The months of the year when it was possible to fight. Most fighting took place from late spring to autumn.

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17
Q

What were communications like during the medieval period

A

They were limited and difficult for rival armies to know exactly where there opponents were. They relied on spies amongst the enemy

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18
Q

How did geurilla warfare work during the medieval period

A

Ambushing enemy troops and raiding camps for goods.

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19
Q

Why were castles effective in warfare during the medieval period

A

Attackers had to divide their forces to besiege each castle and the defenders would have a series of bases from which to launch counter-attacks.

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20
Q

Tactics used in the position of the army-medieval period

A

-Uphill-commander positioning his troops on high ground so opposition has to fight uphill
-Flanks-Important to protect them. Protected by cavalry or battleground surroundings.

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21
Q

Tactics used in the cavalry-medieval period

A

-Mounted charge-cavalry used to smash through enemy lines
-Rout and chase-cavalry tried to scatter enemy infantry-easy to chase down with horses.

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22
Q

Infantry tactics-medieval period

A

-Shield wall-men stood with overlapping shields and spears or pikes, facing enemy attacks.
-Archers-used to weaken enemy troops. Usually played a minor role.
-The melee-Last result if archers and cavalry couldn’t break the enemy. Hand to hand combat.

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23
Q

How did the composition of armies change in the middle ages

A

Longbows, schiltrons and gunpowder were developed. Cavalry was also used in a different way

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24
Q

What is provisioning

A

Supplying an army with food, ammunition and other necessities

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25
What was the assize of arms
A tax on wealth, requiring all men with land to provide a number of fully equipped knights
26
How did civilians as soldiers impact civilians during the middle ages/medieval period
Fighting meant time away from home and family, as well as a great risk of death or injury. Recruits were expected to provide their own equipment and provision for 40 days.
27
What is scutage
"Shield money" paid instead of going on military service
28
What is the feudal levy
In times of war, the liege of a realm could raise (levy) the men who owed him military service under feudal contract for war.
29
How did the recruitment of knights change and in the middle ages/medieval period
Change-assize of arms, mercenaries and scutage and the royal household
30
What is the royal household
Permanent troops paid by the king as personal guide.
31
How did the recruitment of infantry change during in the middle ages/medieval period
-Statute of Winchester (all fit men 16-60 must muster once a year, ready and equipped for 40 days. -Payment-after 1337 payment for infantry became more common
32
What years was the early modern period across
1500-1700
33
How did provisioning and equipment change during the middle ages/medieval period
-The crown forced forced merchants to sell goods -Weapon stores were built up -supply depots were set up -Pillaging was carried out
34
Effect of raids on civilians during the medieval age
Caused great suffering, sometimes raiders paid to go away. Lots of supplies were lost and villages destroyed
35
Effect of war taxation in the medieval period
Minor impact but was a burden. 1% of most civilians annual income.
36
Composition of army in the early modern period
Pikemen, musketeer, dragoon, calvary and infanry
37
What was a dragoon
Mounted infantry which had arquebuses, cheap horses and no armour, they dismounted to fight on foot
38
Changes in weaponary from the middle ages to the early modern period
Bows were replaced with muskets, arquebuses and pistols, there were also pikemen with 16-foot pikes. However, bayonets were produced which combined the role of a musketeer and pikeman into one as it had a dual usage.
39
40
How did siege warfare change in the early modern period
Walls were altered and made low and thick from earth with an outer layer of stone. Ditches were dug just before them making them harder to climb. These new walls meant that cannon balls couldn't smash through them.
41
What was the square formation used during the early modern period and what was its name
Musketeers in front and behind of the pikemen and then would move inside the pikemen during cavalry charges. Called push of the pike.
42
Problems and benefits of musketeers during the early modern period
Problems-muskets were slow to load meaning cavalry could ride them down Benefits-Musketeers could avoid attack from pikemen and continue to fire at them.
43
Problems and benefits of pikemen during the early modern period
Problems-could be slaughtered by enemy musketeers and they were slow to move Benefits-Could stop cavalry charge by forming shiltrons
44
What were training bands
Men from each county met up once a month during the summer to train. They were led by muster master (professional soldiers) however people didn't like that people below them were telling them what to do and were replaced by local gentlemen who weren't as skilled
45
Differences between New model army and middle ages army
How leaders were chose- MAA-Social standing. NMA-military experience Pay-MAA-2D in 125, 6D in 1400s. NMA-8D often in arrears. Methods of recruitment-MAA-Feudal system. NMA-conscription.
46
Taxation during the civil war
Increase of 1700% in Oxfordshire, extremely high and hard to pay due to slowing of trade.
47
Damage of the civil war
11000 houses were destroyed and 55000 left homeless. Farms were destroyed.
48
When was the industrial period
1700-1900
49
Composition of the army in the industrial period
1750-1850- standing army of 50000 1850-1900-Growth of British empire 250000 people -cavalry 20% of army -artillery formed about 5%
50
Specialisation and professionalism in the army at the beginning of the industrial period (1700-1850)
-Soldiers still pressed into serving. -Soldiers marched and rode in a bright uniform -Infantry armed with bayonets and muskets. -supported by traditional cannons
51
Was limited warfare a thing in the industrial period
Yes as countries couldn't afford the loses, rulers didn't want to die, Britains army was small as its navy protected it.
52
Specialisation and professionalism in the army at the end of the industrial period (1850-1900)
-There were specialist regiments. -Wore camouflaged or grey uniforms -New weapons such as rifles and machine guns led to specialist roles in the infantry -Long distance and light field artillery used different skills to bombard enemy
53
Attitudes in society at the end of the Industrial period
Imperialism Jingoism Pacifism
54
What were tactics like at the beginning of the industrial period
Artillery was inside square formations and they still fought in lines and columns, rhythmic marching was used and traditional attitudes remained in place
55
Tactics change towards the end of the industrial period
As rifles and machine guns were produced cavalry charges and advancing infantry became ineffective. The British kept cavalry for tradition but didn't use it for charges.
56
Effect of iron and bronze on warfare in the industrial period
In the industrial revolution iron and bronze was mined a lot: -Iron came first and John Wilkinson used it to make cannon barrels thinner out of metal-made them lighter,more powerful and accurate. -Bronze is lighter than iron-cannons carriages were lighter, could be pulled quickly around the battlefield.
57
New developments to weapons in the industrial period
Different types of bullets were made for rifles such as:minie bullets and magazines. Machine guns were produced which allowed rapid fired rounds of powerful bullets from a belt.
58
How did steam powered transport effect warfare
-Armies could operate further from home -steam trains meant troops could move 15x faster and meant supplies could be moved at 20MPH rather than 10 miles a day on a wagon -steamships-sailed twice as fast as sailing ships and took less than 3 weeks to ship men and supplies to the crimea.
59
How did science in the industrial period effect warfare
Smokeless gunpowder was developed
60
How did mass production effect warfare in the industrial period
The government could equip the whole army with standardised, reliable weaponry at a fraction of the cost
61
Improvements to training in the industrial period
-Manuel of tactics issued to officers -Regulations for the whole army to use. -Royal Military Academy was set up in Woolwich to teach gunnery -Royal military College in Sandhurst to improve training of officers
62
Experience of warfare for civilians industrial period at the beginning
-Little fighting on British soil-no civilian deaths. -Militia act was disliked and there were riots. -Requisitioning wasn't as often however they did requisition wagons. -Taxation decreased when war wasn't happening as the population increased however tax was worse during war
63
Recruitment during the industrial period at the beginning
Militia act-Every parish in england and wales made lists of men aged 18-50 and ballots were held to see who would be picked to serve for 5 years
64
How did the experience of war change towards the end of the industrial period.
-Newspapers were available all over the country meaning everyone would get the same news and more people saw what was going on. William Russel sent almost daily reports from Crimea. -Roger Fenton took photos of the Crimean war -press coverage of the Boer war. -Public raised money to support good causes.
65
Examples of Cadwell's reforms
-Flogging abolished -Bounty money abolished -Length of service reduced from 21 years to 12 years -Officers could no longer buy their position.
66
What were the army service corps and the land transport corps
-Army service corps-provisioning and movement of suppliers. Has training and career opportunities -Land transport corps-to use its own wagons and animals to pull them.
67
Twentieth century time period
1900-present
68
What is a total war
When the whole population is involved in the war effort, all resources are dedicated to the war effort, civilians are targeted, vast sums of money are spent etc. examples include WW1 and WW2
69
What are asymmetric wars and why have they became more common
Unequal wars, between well armed and less well armed opponents. Due to cost and mutually assured destruction (MAD)
70
What is a war of attrition
A prolonged period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear down the enemy. An example could be the blitz although it failed
71
What is guerrilla warfare
Using the environment from experiences of living there. Guerilla forces are unofficial armies that don't wear uniforms, do hit and runs, don't fight major battles. They do this to create a constant fear among the enemy
72
How has technology impacted tactics and strategy twentieth century
Tanks, aircrafts and helicopters have been used and western powers developed the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) which involves commanders at headquarters controlling the fighting.

History (4 decks)

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