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Warfare - Medieval Flashcards

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1
Q

Medieval Warfare

A

1250-1500

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2
Q

Context of medieval warfare

A

Henry III had fought a civil war against the barons, against the Welsh and the French

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3
Q

Size of medieval armies

A

The royal army consisted of 10,000 men

The barons army consisted of 5000 men

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4
Q

Composition of armies

A
  • Cavalry - mounted soldiers, elite members kf the srmy who gained their position due to their social status. There were men-at-arms, these were men from the gentry who had wealthy families but no title
  • Infantry - Common men who are foot soldiers. No social status
  • 2:1 ratio of infantry to cavalry
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5
Q

Command of armies

A
  • Directly linked to social status in society
  • Not linked to expreience or ability
  • Attacks were prone to failure
  • Desertion was an issue
  • Nobles in the cavalry were not familiar with being controlled
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6
Q

The Feudal System

A
  • The order went King, Barons, Knights and Commoners
  • The higher tier would give land to the tier below them
  • In return, they were given support
  • The barons were expected to control the armies
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7
Q

Cavalry weapons in 1250

A
  • Took two horses to war
  • Fought on horseback
  • Armed with lances or thrusting spears
  • Sometimes swords
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8
Q

Infantry weapons in 1250

A
  • Armed with swords or daggers
  • Some had club like weapons such as battle-axes
  • Some used poles with axe heads (halberds)
  • Some used ‘Brown-bills’ which were poles wuth broad-blades and a hook for hauling knights of their horses
  • Some had bows or crossbows which were powerful and accurate over 100 metres
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9
Q

Protection of cavalry in 1250

A
  • Wore chainmail garments called hauberks
  • Had a cloth hood called a coif
  • Had metal helmets with a visor
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10
Q

Protection of Infantrymen in 1250

A
  • Wore leather armour

- Had short mail shirts

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11
Q

Strategy in 1250

A
  • Affected by social attitudes
  • Commoners had no say
  • Military force was use to impose decisions
  • Kings and barons used warfare to stay in power
  • Used force to seize power and used limited warfare and castles
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12
Q

Limited warfare

A
  • Warfare forced upon leaders due to the society at the time, for example:
  • Henry III had limited resources, limited power, battles were avoided, the campaigning season and communications
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13
Q

Henry III

A
  • He had limited resources as he could only raise small armies with limited weapons
  • He has limites power as he had to persuade nobles to support him
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14
Q

Battles were avoided

A
  • Since kings led armies, the battle meant that kings could be captured or killed and held for ransom
  • Society in 1250 did not suit warfare
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15
Q

The campaigning season

A
  • There were few months in the season where the weather supported fighting
  • This was after seeds had been sown and until crops needed to be harvested
  • The weather made it much more difficult to fight
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16
Q

Communications in 1250

A
  • It was difficult for armies to know the positioning of rival armies
  • They had to rely on spies, scouts, church bells and smoke signals
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17
Q

Guerilla Warfare

A
  • Used by Llewellyn the Last
  • Avoided large battles
  • Used mobile bands of warriors
  • Ambush troops and supply lones
  • They would then slip away in to woods or forrests
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18
Q

Castles

A
  • Essential part of defensive strategy in 1250
  • Attackers had to divide their forces to besiege each castle
  • Defenders would have bases to defend each part and launch counter attacks
  • Attackers were at a disadvantage
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19
Q

Tactical Formations in 1250

A
  • Positioning was important in warfare
  • A cokmmander could position his army at the top of a hill to make the enemy attack upwards
  • It was important to protect the flanks of the infantry so that the enemy cavalry could not attack
  • This would be done using maybe woods or a river
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20
Q

Cavalry tactics in 1250

A
  • The mounted charge - Cavalry could target a specific enemey and then hack down enemy lines such Prince Edward targeting Simon de Montfort at he battle of Evesham
  • Rout and chase - Cavalry tried to scatter enemy infantry so they could be chased down
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21
Q

Infantry tactics in 1250

A
  • The shield wall - Men stood side by side with overlapping shields and spike to face enemy attackers
  • Archers - Could weaken enemies from a long distance but had little significance
  • The melee - If archers could not break the cavalry, then the infantry would attack in hand to hand combat with swords and daggers
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22
Q

Recruitment of cavalry in 1250

A
  • The feudal system provided a way for people to be recruited into the cavalry. This shows that the societ effected warfare
  • The king granted control of large areas of England to earls or dukes and they became known as tenants-in-chief, they recognised this with military support
  • The tenants gave control to lower nobles in return for military support
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23
Q

Knight Service

A

40 days a year

How much a knight promised to fight for a tenant-in-chief

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24
Q

Feudal Knights

A
  • Served upon their feudal futy of 40 days
  • Henry would be able to call upon 5000 knights fees at once
  • Feudal System began to break down so it became harder to make knights serve upon their feudal duties
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25
Q

The Assize of Arms

A
  • Extra method of recruitment
  • Assessed people’s wealth and wether they should supplies arms
  • All men with a land value over £15 should supply one knight, a horse, an iron helmet, a sword and a dagger
  • Many landowners were required to fights as they were not able to supply the knight
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26
Q

Scutage

A
  • Kings began to find it hard to find knights to serve their feudal duties or accept the Assize of Arms
  • Instead, kings took money from people to pay for the cavalry to fight alongside the feudal knights
  • This was called scutage
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27
Q

Mercenaries

A
  • Scutage was used to pay for the
  • Hired troops on a temporary basis
  • Mounted knights cost 2 shillings whilst men-at-arms cost 1 shilling
  • Better trained than feudal knights
  • Some were foreign
  • Better equiped
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28
Q

The Royal Household

A
  • A small number of cavalrymen were employed on a permanent basis
  • These were named the royal household
  • About 500 troops
  • Mainly mounted
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29
Q

Recruitmet of infantry - Feudal infantry

A
  • No formal method of recruitment
  • Some joined out of loyalty
  • Others joined to escape poverty, regular food or a chance of plunder
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30
Q

The Assize of Arms for infantry

A
  • Demanded that men of a fighting age should always be prepared to serve 40 days
  • Commisioners of Array visited to assess the preparedness of people
  • They would fine if they were not prepared
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31
Q

Infantry training

A
  • The assize of arms stated how prepared everyone should be

- In practice, they had no organised training

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32
Q

Cavalry training

A
  • Provided training on horsemanship and the uses of weapons
  • Taught chivalry
  • No training on how to fight in groups
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33
Q

Provisioning

A
  • Men were expected to provide for themselves for the first forty days
  • Baggage trains of weapons and supplies
  • Sometimes they were sent ahead and kept in supply depots
  • Sometimes they demanded from local areas
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34
Q

War from 1250-1500

A
  • Almost a continuous war between England and Scotland and Wales between 1250-1500
  • From 1337 to 1453, England fought the Hundred Years’ war against France
  • From 1455 to 1485, rival families fought in the War of the Roses
  • In 1264, Henry III fought in the Battle of Evesham were the army was 10,000 strong
  • In 1415, Henry V fought at the Battle of Agincourt were the army was 8000 strong
  • In 1485, the size of Richard III’s army was 12,000
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35
Q

Continuity in the medieval era

A
  • 10,000 - 8000 - 12,000

- Lewes - Agincourt - Bosworth

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36
Q

Continuity - Strategy and command

A
  • Limited warfare remained, chevauchees used were short raids intended to terrorise the local population
  • Capturing or building castles remained as Edward I built castles to control Wales and Henry V captured French villages and fortified them
  • Kings still made nobles their superiors in the army
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37
Q

Change - Schiltrons

A
  • Pikes were long wooden poles with sharpened tips
  • Scottish pikemen fromed large circles of 2000 men to distract the enemy and for large defences
  • They were naturally defensive as the men were clustered together and horses were reluctant to charge at them
  • They were used to defeat English forces at Bannockburn as they defeated the strong English cavalry
  • This led to the decline of the mounted knight
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38
Q

Change - the longbow

A
  • Long bow which took great strength to fire
  • A trained longbow archer could fire ten to fifteen arrows per minute
  • Could fire up to 200 metres
  • Much more powerful than crossbows
  • Effective at Falkirk and Agincourt as they created clouds of arrows
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39
Q

Factors to cause change

A
  • Individuals

- Technology

40
Q

How individuals cause change in medieval times

A

The success of longbows from archers

41
Q

How technology caused change in medieval times

A

The longbow caused changes to the design of armour

42
Q

Tactics changed in medieval times

A
  • The archers moved on horseback so they could move at the speed of the cavalry
  • Archers were used to soften up the army
  • Archers could be placed on the flanks to weaken enemy attacks and then melee
43
Q

The change in the composition of armies in medieval times

A
  • Armies began to have more infanry and fewer cavalry as the ratio became 3:1
  • The dominance of the cavalry changed as they were lessened by schiltrons
44
Q

Armour changing in medieval times

A
  • Due to the increased used of the longbow
  • From 1300, chainmail was reinforced by plate armour to protect the chest, elbows and legs
  • From 1420, suits of armour were developed
  • This protected people from swords and arrows but not firearms
45
Q

Gunpowder and its impact

A
  • An example of how science effected warfare
  • Initially hardly used
  • First developed by the chinese
46
Q

The cannon, 1320-1430

A
  • The earliest cannon had wooden barrels, metal bands at shot stone balls
  • In 1327, Edward I’s army used cannon against the Scots
  • In 1346, the English used cannon against the French in the Hundred Years war and made little impact
  • In 1415, they made little impact in penetrating a castle wall
47
Q

Cannon 1430-1500

A
  • Metal was used
  • The design was improved to make the more accurate
  • Trunnions were used to adjust the cannon
  • Specialist cannon were made
48
Q

The impact of improved cannon

A
  • Could enflict heavy casualties such as 1000 cavalrymen killed by French cannon
  • Castle walls had become vulnerable
49
Q

Firearms, 1400 onwards

A
  • Handheld weapons using gunpowder

- The Arquebus was developed and became common on the battlefield

50
Q

Issues with the cannon

A
  • Unreliable - In 1460, King James II of Scotland was killed when his cannon blew apart
  • Slow to reload an inaccurate over long distances
  • Only really useful in sieges
51
Q

Issues with firearms

A
  • Slow to load as the ball had to be rammed down the barrel and the powder had to be ignited
  • Unreliable as it would fail in the rain
  • Used very little by English armies
52
Q

The decline of the mounted knight - background

A
  • large part of the army
  • key tactical force
  • it was a social and military leader
53
Q

Reasons for the decline of the mounted knight

A
  • Change in weapons
  • Change in technology
  • Change in tactics
  • Change in numbers
  • Change in social structure
54
Q

Decline of the mounted knight - change in weaponry

A
  • Pikes were used to defend against and defeat the cavalry
  • Longbows weakened the cavalry by showering arrows on the enemy
  • Cannon and firearms later began to do the jobs of the longbow
55
Q

Decline of the mounted knight - Technological change

A

The development of gunpowder led to the decline of the mounted knight as it was not an effective defence with the armour

56
Q

Decline of the mounted kinght - tactical change

A
  • started to be used as an integrated force meaning the army did not need as many of them
  • changed their role as they became a patrol and raider
  • they dismounted in battle joining the infantry in defence while archers weakened the charge
  • mounted and chased fleeing troops
57
Q

Decline of the mounted knight - change in numbers

A
  • The ration became 3:1 of infantry to cavalry. A 1370 campaign to France had 1500 mounted knoghts and 4000 archers
  • In 1400, the ratio became 10:1
58
Q

Decline of the mounted knight - change in social structure

A
  • the feudal system declined and many knights payed scutage instead of fighting. 5% of cavalry were nobles in 1375
  • mercenaries were employed as mounted men-at-arms, they had their own command which weakened the command
59
Q

Why the mounted knight remained in 1500

A
  • a mounted knight overall weighed 120kg with all the armour, weapons and person. It would have been frightening to be chased down by one
  • the horse add more weight adding up to around half a tonne
  • they still struck great power
  • they were smaller in 1500
60
Q

Change amd continuity in medieval recruitment

A
  • feudal troops were used until 1350
  • the assize of arms was used continually until 1500
  • the pay became the main way of recruiting
  • mercenaries were used
61
Q

Feudal troops in medieval times - decline

A
  • Until 1330, kings could all upon 5000 mounted medieval troops which was a small number
  • they were knly required to serve 40 days a year for which they expected pay
  • they were poorly trained and chosen upon their social status rather than their skill
  • poor quality of feudal infantry weapons
  • the breakdown of the feudal system due to the collapse of the feudal system
62
Q

Assize of arms - increase

A
  • Edward I ordered the Statute of Winchester in 1285 which outlined the roles of the Assize of arms
  • it would appoint the Commissioners of Array to each town and county
  • it would muster all weapons from all mena ged 16-60
  • every man, however poor, had to bring a bow with 24 arrows, a sword and a dagger
  • wealthier men had to bring a shield, spear and warhorse
  • it effectively recruited paid troops
63
Q

Paid troops - increase

A

Kings were unable to raise troops who were compelling so payment was required

64
Q

The Royal Household - increase

A
  • the size and importance of the royal household increased as they were compelling and skilled troops
  • In 1250, Henry III had a royal household of around 500 mounted troops
  • In 1300, Edward I, had a royal household of around 5000
65
Q

Mercenaries - increase

A
  • paying for troops became the main method of recruiting troops
  • In 1337, Edward III had the first army to entirely consist of paid troops
  • they would cost around half a million today
66
Q

Training in medieval times - change and continuity

A
  • new recruitment led to better training
  • feudal troops and infantry had no peacetime or organised training leading to the decline
  • the commissioners of array led to an increase in weapon quality and training as the comissoners enforced a better quality of training
  • The Statute of Winchester led to better facilities for training
  • Archery pracitce increased
  • Paid troops came with better training and quality ss they were better skilled
67
Q

Medieval provisioning - change and continuity

A
  • There was almost a constant war from 1250-1500 which put a stress on the land
  • By the end of the 1300s, cavalrymen took 4 warhorses each. This increased the amount of fodder needed
  • More weapons needed as more arrows were needed, troops could no longer supply their own arrows
68
Q

Medieval requisitioning

A
  • Food and fodder was lbtained through compulsory purchase
  • This was calle purveyance
  • These were sent to supply depots
  • Food provisioning did not always work so armies had tl either starve for weeks or forage the countryside
69
Q

The Royal Armoury

A
  • During the Hundred Years War, the crown ordered for a weapon depot to be created at the Tower of London
  • The armoury aupplied 11,000 bows and half a million arrows
  • 87 Cannon were also stored there
70
Q

Baggage trains

A
  • Supplies for the army were transported in long trains of wagons
  • These carts were pulled by horses who also needed to be fed
  • This slowed the army’s advance
  • They were often an enemy target
71
Q

Impact of warfare on civilians

A

Three main impacts

  • cost of warfare
  • recruitment
  • fighting during wars
72
Q

Medieval cost of warfare

A
  • England was almost constantly at war during medieval times
  • England needed to raise money to buy supplies and pay soldiers
  • Kings used taxes and between 1337 and 1422, the tax burden doubles
  • This led to the peasent’s revolt
  • Purveyance was never payed for as they were essentially given IOUs with tallies.
  • These took years to pay off
  • Ships were seized from civilians
73
Q

Medieval impact of recruitment

A
  • Feudal summons and the Assize of Arms forced men to join the army
  • An increased number of people chose to pay scutae instead of fighting
  • A lot of people deserted who had been summoned
  • Some refused which resulted in fines
74
Q

Medieval impact of fighting

A
  • Some armies attacked civilians instead of fighting enemy forces
  • Some armies raided towns and villages
  • They would use brutal tactics to terrorise civilians
  • Enemy stores led to the deprivation of food for civilians
  • Some armies would camp near to a town and demand money for them not to attack
  • Seiges caused great suffering to civilians as they would starve
  • People would die and thats when towns would surrender
75
Q

Benefits of medieval warfare for civilians

A
  • Civilians could earn decent wages. A mounted archer could earn 6d. Soldiers could share ransom money and loot from plunder
  • People could secure good wages from making items used in war such as clothes and carts
76
Q

Background to the Battle of Falkirk - the Scottish Uprising 1297

A
  • Edward I was in control of Scotland but the rule was resented
  • An uprising began and rebel leader William Wallace threatened an English castle at Stirling
  • Using pikes and schiltrons, Wallace defeated the Earl of Surrey at the battle of Stirling Bridge
  • Wallace then led men into England
77
Q

Background to Falkirk - Early issues

A
  • Troops were summoned
  • The methods to recruit troops were used to summon 21,000 troops
  • But men started to draw back as the weather started to effect the campaign and by April 5000 men remained
  • This force captured castles at Roxborough and Berwick
  • Edward ordered for the campaign not to start until he arrived but only 1500 troops remained
78
Q

Background to Falkirk - Edward marches north

A
  • His route hugged the East coast so he could be supplied by the sea
  • He captured multiple castles to create fortresses
  • The countryside was barren as it was burned by Wallace and his forces to leave no valuable crops and the English army further brought suffering by burning houses as a punishment to the civilians
  • Bad weather stopped ships from landing
79
Q

Falkirk - 22 July 1298

A
  • Both armies were moving towards Falkirk and Wallace decided to defend the area
  • Both armies spotted each other so Edward decided to plan an all-out-attack
  • Wallace chose to position his army on the high ground with his rear protected by woods but no protection for the flanks
80
Q

Falkirk - the English army

A
  • 2000 cavalry

- 12,000 infantry with 5000 longbowmen

81
Q

Falkirk - the Scottish Army

A
  • 500 cavalry
  • 9500 infantry with 1500 archers
  • Wallace recruited soldiers the same method as Edward I
  • Wallace was not popular with Scottish nobles as he was originally a commoner
82
Q

Falkirk - the battle - 22 July 1298

A
  • Edward consulted his council before attacking
  • The attack on the Scots was slowed by a marsh
  • There was an order sent to the feudal infantry not to attack before the cavalry arrived but they were undisciplined so they ignored the order
  • A disorganised cavalry attack but it was able to fend off Scottish cavalry and enter the gaps between archers and schiltrons
83
Q

Falkirk continued

A
  • The schiltrons were well disciplimed and were able to fend off English cavalry
  • This is when Edward deployed the 5000 longbowmen
  • Clouds off arrows rained on the schiltrons who were unprotected
  • Gaps appeared in the walls of the schiltrons and the cavalry were able to enter the schiltrons
  • The infantry then attacked and hacked the remaining Scottish infantry to death
  • Edward won, eventually captured Wallace and executed him
84
Q

Falkirk - the role of Wallace

A
  • the use of schiltrons nearly worked, even after the cavalry fleed, they were still able to fend off English cavalry
  • Wallace’s positioning was good
  • But he failed to protect the flanks
  • Also, it was Wallace’s fault that his cavalry and archers were undisciplined
85
Q

Falkirk - the role of Edward I

A
  • His advanced planning to send troops by sea was admirable but barely succeeded
  • Despite having a larger force, the cavalry could have ruined his attack. Edward was lucky
  • His bold decision to attack proved successful as he targeted the flanks. He outmanoeuvred Wallace which was a key tactical component
  • The use of longbows proved to be a turning point
86
Q

Recruitment for the Battle of Agincourt

A
  • Henry’s army was raised by paying noblemen to acts a captains
  • The Duke of Clarence supplied 720 men-at-arms and 240 archers
  • The Duke of York supplied 100 men-at-arms and 300 archers
  • Henry agreed that a third of all loot captured could be given to troops
87
Q

Agincourt - Henry’s invasion force

A
  • Used ships from the Netherlands and boats taken on royal order from British owners
  • Had 12,000 troops, three quarters were archers
  • He had 3,000 mounted men-at-arms
88
Q

Agincourt - Henry V’s strategy

A
  • Henry’s aim was to capture French land in the north but he did not intend to through offensive battles
  • He planned to seize French castles with a fast-moving army, destroying property and looting. He would then negotiate with the French king
  • He would seize a port to ship over troops and create a stronghold at Calais for winter
89
Q

Agincourt - Henry’s march across France

A
  • Henry chose to march to show that he was not scared of the French army
  • The French army shadowed the English army to try and force them into battle
  • Dysentry broke out amongst the English army
  • The French eventually trapped the English army and the route to Calais to force the English army into battle
90
Q

Agincourt - Henry’s army

A
  • After the invasion, Henry had 2000 men-at-arms with 6000 archers
91
Q

Agincourt - the French Army

A

Consisted of 10,000 heavily armed cavalry and 5000 infantry with no archers

92
Q

Agincort - positioning

A
  • Henry sent knights to survey the land and placed his army in a narrow gap of 750 metres woth woods defending them. There was marsh land separating the two armies
  • The men-at-arms dismounted and formed a defensive blockade
  • Archers placed on the two flanks and Henry orderd them to slow the enemy charge
93
Q

25th October 1415 - Agincourt begins

A
  • Henry ordered his archers to fire from the forest. French knights believed this to be unchivalrous and began an unorganised charge in which the infantry followed
  • Longbow archers fired volleys of arrows at the French cavalry
  • The charge failed and the cavalry retreated into the infantry
  • The infantry arrived at the frontline, exhausted from trudging through a marsh
  • The archers then used swords to attack from the flanks. The men-at-arms advanced as well causing the French army to retreat
94
Q

Agincourt - English victory

A
  • 450 English died, Henry remained intact which kept the monarchy alive
  • 4000 French died including their commander and a large chunk of nobility
  • Showed the importance of the longbow
  • Showed the strength of Henry’s seiges
95
Q

Reasons for victory at Agincourt

A
  • Henry chose an ideal defensive position
  • The French relied too much upon their cavalry and the infantry and archers were underused
  • The cavalry was poorly disciplined
  • The longbow could ire up to 100,000 arrows per minute at the French
96
Q

The role of Henry V at Agincourt

A
  • Henry was lucky to win as his army was weakend from the march across France and he was outmanoeuvred and forced to fight in an awkward position
  • But he showed his incredible miltiary tactics by chosing a good postion, specific placement of his men-at-arms and archers and the use of the longbow as a defence mechanism
  • Henry showed bravery as well for directly getting involved

History Josh (13 decks)

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