Warfare - Industrial 1700-1900 Flashcards
1
Q
Warfare 1700-1850
A
- Little change
- The amry was permanent
- The army was small compared to other European nations in 1700
- The army grew during wars and shurnk during peacetime
- By 1850, there was rapid increase for the Crimean War
2
Q
Industrial composition of army
A
- Infantry remained dominant and this was a trend to grow in importance. In 1700, they made up 75% of the army and in 1800 this rose to 80%
- This was the opposite for cavalry as they went from 20% to 16%
- Artillery remained at 5%
3
Q
Weapons in industrial warfare
A
- Infantry used brown bess musket which was used for over 130 years. 8 million were made, shot a lead ball that weighed 30 grams and it was effective up to 100 metres. Came with a bayonet
- Cavalry used swords and dragoons used firearms
- Artillery used cannon effective up to 500 metres and were useful against walls and large bodies infantry
4
Q
Light Field Artillery - Industrial change
A
- Before the industrial revolution, cannon weighed over four tonnes and were only useful in seiges
- Too heavy to be moved around during combat
- Industrial innivation caused changes in design
- By 1850, Britain was producing two million tonnes of iron
- Industrialists were able to experiment with new artillery
5
Q
John ‘Iron-mad’ Wilkinson
A
- Pioneer of Britain’s iron industry
- Made thinner cannon barrel with a solkd piece of metal
- He then patented a design to make the cannon more accurate
- Bronze cannon were next which were lighter but more expensive
6
Q
Strategy in Industrial Warfare
A
- Limited warfare remained common
- Sieges, skirmishes and raids were more common than full scale battles
- Rulers often led armies into battles such as George II, defeat could mean capture for the ruler and the end of their dynasty
7
Q
Transport in Industrial Warfare
A
- Transport and communication were slow in. The news of the victory at Waterloo arrived to London via homing pigeon
8
Q
The Role of the English channel in warfare
A
- Relied upon to protect from foreign invasion as the navy used it
9
Q
Infantry tactics in Industrial Warfare - Continuity
A
- Formed lines, columns and squares which made them dominant on the battlefield
- Parallel to the enemy and advanced slowly
10
Q
Infantry tactics - Industrial - Change
A
- Musket fire improved, musket firing lines were reduced from four to two and they could fire at 20 seconds
- They would then use melees
- In 1760, rhythmic marching was introduced. This would allow for quicker movement and quicker formation changes
- Infantry were now used to punch through enemy lines
- The Duke of Wellington used infantry squares to deliver a powerful punch to enemy attacks
11
Q
Industrial Artillery Tactics
A
- Lighter field guns were used, these were pulled by horses. Heavy guns were removed as they were static
- They could be moved to: Sit in front of enemy lines and defend them, withdraw inside the infantry squares and move to high ground to bombard enemy lines
- Wellington had 216 guns at Waterloo
12
Q
Industrial Cavalry Tactics
A
- They were becoming too vulnerable from musket attacks to be used on the front line. in the 1700s, the Duke of Marlborough used them as a shock troop but Wellington rarely did so they began to further decline
- Cavalry could be used as scouts due to their quick pace
13
Q
Factors affecting changes in warfare - Social attitudes
A
- Slowed change by keeping the size of the army small
- A larger army meant that it cost more
- People considered a large army to be a threat to political freedom
- It could be used to impose the will of the government
14
Q
Factors affecting changes in warfare - Political changes
A
- British people saw the French revolution
- They saw how change could threaten the Upper classes so this slowed all change including military change
15
Q
Factors affecting changes in warfare - Individuals
A
- Wellington was a successful general but when he was in charge of the army, he opposed any attempts to modernize the army
16
Q
Factors affecting changes in warfare - Industrialisation
A
- The work of Wilkinson with iron led to developments in the army, but the industrial revolution triggered the most amount of change
17
Q
Industrial recruitment of officers
A
- Officers continued to be young men from wealthy families who bought commissions
- The higher the rank, the higher the price, so the highest ranks were only available to the nobility
- Many officers were in the position for the status and the lifestyle
- Officers were therefore unreliable
18
Q
Industrial recruitment of other ranks
A
- Men could sign up for short enlistments of 8-12 years or for life which was usually 21 years but at this time, it failed to reach its permitted size
- Pay was meant to be the main incentive however this remained at 8d which is equivalent to £3 per day. This was less than a labourer and from this they still had to supply their own food and lodgings in peacetime Conditions on campaign were bad
- Bounties worth £3 (£250) today were payed to men to get them to enlist
- Inns would get men drunk and they would be signed up under the influence
- Criminals were forced to enlist which lowered discipline
19
Q
Colonel’s regiments
A
- When the government wanted to expand the army, they did not want to upset the public by forcing them to enlist, so they would pay large lump sums to senior officers to create their own regiment and clothe and feed them
20
Q
1757 Militia Act
A
- Every parish in England made lists of men between the ages of 18-50 to select people to serve for five years in the local militia. This was to protect the country from invasion and bolster the army
- This was an overhaul of the Assize of Arms
21
Q
Failed industrial training
A
- In 1708, the Duke of Marlborough issued a manual of tactics of using muskets and bayonets. This was not widely used
- Between 1728 and 1751, George II issued regulations for the army but they were widely ignored
- But, in 1741, the royal military academy was established which was successful at establishing gunners
22
Q
Improvements in Industrial training
A
- Standard drills were introduced
- The Royal Military college was established in 1800 in Sandhurst
23
Q
Industrial impacts of warfare on civilians - civilian deaths
A
- The direct impact on civilians was minor due to no fighting on British soil
