War and Revolution Flashcards
Which leader did the Crimean War happen under?
Alexander II
Which leader did the Russo-Japanese War happen under?
Nicholas II
Which leader did WW1 happen under?
Nicholas II / Provisional Government / Lenin
Which leader did the Civil War happen under?
Lenin
Which leader did WW2 happen under?
Stalin
Which leader did the Cold War happen under?
Stalin / Khrushchev
Why did Russia lose the Crimean War?
- Lack of industrialised weaponry
- Weak serf conscripts
- Limited strategic railways
- Poor morale of serf conscripts
During which war did the following battles occur:
Battle of Balaclava / Siege of Sevastapol
Crimean War
During which war did the following battles occur:
Loss of Port Arthur / Battle of Inkerman
Russo-Japanese War
During which war did the following battles occur:
Battle of Tannenburg / Brusilov Offensive
WW1 (Nicholas II)
During which war did the following battles occur:
Kerensky Offensive
WW1 (Provisional Government)
During which war did the following battles occur:
Siege of Leningrad / Battle of Stalingrad
WW2
Who was appointed Minister of War following the defeat in the Crimean War?
Dmitrii Milyutin
What were the causes of the Russo-Japanese War?
- Russian expansionism
- Desire to maintain control of Port Arthur
- Racism
- Increase patriotism and support for the Tsar
Which war helped to cause the 1905 Revolution?
Russo-Japanese War
During which war were weaknesses of the Trans-Siberian railway significant?
Russo-Japanese War
Who did Russia fight against in WW1?
Germany and Austria-Hungary
When did Nicholas II decide to become Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces during WW1?
September 1915
What accusations were made about the Tsarina during WW1?
- She was a German spy
- She was having a sexual relationship with Rasputin
When was Rasputin murdered?
December 1916
How did Rasputin have a negative impact on Russia during WW1?
- Rumours humiliated the Tsar and Tsarina
- Caused government chaos - Tsarina appointed his choices into government
What was the increase in the cost of living during WW1?
300%
Why did the cities suffer food shortages during WW1?
Railways taken over by military left grain rotting in the countryside
Which war helped cause the February and October 1917 Revolutions?
WW1
What was the stance of the Provisional Government on WW1?
- No decision until elections had occurred / fight a defensive war
What did Milyukov’s note state about WW1 under the Provisional Government?
That Russia would “prosecute the war until victory”
What protests did the failed Kerensky Offensive help cause under the Provisional Government during WW1?
July Days
What was Lenin’s promise to the Russian people on WW1?
Peace
What was the peace treaty named that the Bolsheviks signed to end WW1?
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
What did Russia lose in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which ended WW1?
- Ukraine / Poland / Baltic states
- 1/6 population
- 2/3 coalmines
- 1/3 agriculture
Which Bolshevik led the negotiations with Germany during the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
Trotsky
What was the cause of the Civil War?
The Bolshevik October Revolution
What were the three sides in the Civil War?
REDS - Communists
WHITES - liberals / ex-Tsarists
GREENS - peasants
Which side in the Civil War had foreign support?
Whites
Why did Lenin win the Civil War?
- Leadership of Trotsky
- Geography - consolidation in industrial heartlands
- Control of industry and railways
- Vision and morale
What economic policy did Lenin use to help win the Civil War?
War Communism
How did War Communism help Lenin win the Civil War?
- prioritised grain to feed the Red Army
- Industry only producing weapons
Who were Kolchak, Yudenich and Deniken?
White Army Generals during the Civil War
What was the Nazi invasion of the USSR known as in June 1941?
Operation Barbarossa
Why was the Nazi invasion of the USSR a surprise in 1941?
USSR and Nazi Germany had previously signed a non-aggression pact - the Nazi-Soviet Pact
What impact did WW2 have on Russia politically?
Limited - Stalin already a totalitarian leader. Victory only consolidation him further.
Which was is known as the “Great Patriotic War”?
WW2
How many Russian people died during WW2?
27 million
How many Russian civilians died during the siege of Leningrad?
1 million
What was the Russian strategy of burning land known as during WW2?
Scorched earth
What proportion of Russian industry and agriculture was occupied by the Germans by 1942?
1/3
What deal did Stalin do with Churchill to ensure that Eastern Europe would be within the Soviet “sphere of influence” post-1945?
Percentages Agreement 1944
Which wartime conference established the post-WW2 division of Germany and Berlin into 4 zones controlled by the different allied powers?
Yalta
What year was the Berlin blockade and airlift?
1948
What speech did Churchill make in 1946 that is seen as the beginning of the Cold War?
“Iron Curtain” / “Sinews of Peace” speech
What was Khrushchev’s Cold War strategy known as?
“Peaceful Coexistence”
What were the western and Soviet defensive alliances called that developed during the Cold War?
Western - NATO
Soviet - Warsaw Pact
Which US Presidents did Khrushchev face during the Cold War?
Eisenhower and Kennedy
What year did Khrushchev visit the US?
1959
At which international summit did the U2 spy plane incident spark tension between the USSR and the USA?
1960 Paris Summit
When was the Berlin Wall built?
1961
Why was the Berlin Wall built in 1961?
- Refugee crisis - people fleeing Soviet zones for western zones
How did the Cold War improve living standards in Russia?
Focus on improving consumer goods
Identify things that Russia did first in the space race during the Cold War:
Man in space - Yuri Gagarin
Dog in space - Laika
Satellite in space - Sputnik
What were the causes of the 1905 Revolution?
- Russo-Japanese War
- Peasant unrest - Red Cockerel
- Poor living and working conditions in cities
- Bloody Sunday
Which sailors mutinied during the 1905 Revolution?
Potemkin sailors
What peace treaty ended the Russo-Japanese War?
Treaty of Portsmouth
What concession did Nicholas II make to help end the 1905 Revolution?
October Manifesto which promised the Duma
What were the causes of the February 1917 Revolution?
- Poor performance in WW1
- Bread rationing
- International Women’s Day protests
- Army refusing to fire on protestors
Where was the Tsar during the February Revolution?
At the front lines as Commander in Chief
Who took over Russia after the abdication of the Tsar in February 1917?
Dual Authority of the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet
What caused the October 1917 Revolution?
- WW1
- Weak Provisional Government
- Determination of Lenin
Which leading Bolshevik planned the October Revolution?
Trotsky
What was the political impact of the February Revolution?
end of Tsarism and attempt at liberal democracy of the Provisional Government
What was the political impact of the October Revolution?
Communist government of Lenin - SOVNARKOM
