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Russia and its Rulers: Thematic Exam Question Areas > Economy and Society > Flashcards

Economy and Society Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Alexander II’s finance minister?

A

Mikhail von Reutern

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2
Q

Who was Alexander III’s finance minister?

A

Ivan Vyshnegradsky

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3
Q

Who was Nicholas II’s finance minister?

A

Sergei Witte

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4
Q

What group of well off peasants emerged from the emancipation ukase?

A

kulaks

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5
Q

What proportion of Russia’s peasants were engaged in subsistence farming following emancipation?

A

50%

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6
Q

What did Alexander II’s government do to try and encourage the growth of railways?

A

Subsidies for businesses

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7
Q

What proportion of government income came from indirect taxation under Alexander II?

A

66%

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8
Q

How far did the number of primary schools grow by under Alexander II?

A

From 8,000 to 23,000

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9
Q

Alexander II took control of education away from the church and gave it to ?

A

the zemstva

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10
Q

How many died in the 1891-92 famine?

A

350,000

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11
Q

Ivan Vyshnegrasky said, “we shall not eat, …..?”

A

“but we shall export”

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12
Q

What caused the famine of 1891-92?

A

Grain requisitioning for grain to export

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13
Q

What did Vyshnegradsky’s Tariff Act do?

A

Increased tariffs on foreign goods to stimulate internal Russian market

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14
Q

The number of workers in Russia expanded how far under Sergei Witte?

A

1.3 million to 2.6 million

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15
Q

How many people died in a cholera outbreak in St Petersburg in 1908?

A

30,000

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16
Q

When did Russia’s industrial revolution happen?

A

1890s in reign of Nicholas II, under finance minister Witte

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17
Q

Which countries did Witte get loans from to help industrial investment?

A

Britain, France, USA, Germany

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18
Q

Why did Witte put Russia on the Gold Standard in 1897?

A

Sign of economic stability and would increase confidence of foreign powers to invest in Russia.

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19
Q

Where was Russia in the league of industrialised nations by 1897?

A

4th

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20
Q

Which minister was responsible for the ending of redemption payments in 1907?

A

Stolypin

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21
Q

What type of farming did Stolypin encourage migrating peasants to start in Siberia?

A

Dairy farming

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22
Q

How many peasants migrated to Siberia in the period 1906-15?

A

3.5 million

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23
Q

What did many Tsars establish to encourage the expansion of the kulaks?

A

Peasant Land Bank

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24
Q

What was the literacy rate in Russia by 1914?

A

40% of the population

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25
Q

What was the maximum working day in 1897?

A

11 and a half hours

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26
Q

What did many peasants do following the February Revolution that caused the “Land Question” for the Provisional Government?

A

Illegally seize land

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27
Q

How many land seizures were there in July 1917?

A

237

28
Q

How many factories were closed / jobs lost by July 1917 under the Provisional Government?

A

Over 500 factories / 100,000 jobs

29
Q

What reforms did Lenin introduce in the aftermath of the October Revolution?

A
  • abolition of titles
  • equality for women
  • legalised peasant land seizures
  • Maximum 8 hour working day
30
Q

What economic policy did Lenin introduce to help win the civil war?

A

War Communism

31
Q

What were the key features of War Communism?

A
  • ban on private trade
  • decline in use of money
  • grain requisitioning
  • nationalisation of entire economy
32
Q

What caused the 1921 famine?

A
  • Grain requisitioning of War Communism
  • Peasant rebellion - stopped producing grain
33
Q

Which famine was so bad in Russia that cannibalism was reported?

A

1921 War Communism famine

34
Q

How many people died in the 1921 famine?

A

5 million

35
Q

What policy did Lenin introduce as a result of the failings of War Communism?

A

New Economic Policy (NEP)

36
Q

What were the key features of the NEP?

A
  • peasants only gave fixed proportion of their grain to state
  • industry nationalised
  • private trade allowed
37
Q

What term did Trotsky use to describe the problem of inflation caused by the NEP?

A

Scissors crisis

38
Q

How far did Russian industrial output grow by under the NEP?

A

200%

39
Q

Who were the NEPmen?

A

Private traders who operated during the NEP

40
Q

What was Stalin’s agricultural policy called?

A

Collectivisation

41
Q

What was the most common type of collective farm called?

A

Kolkhoz

42
Q

What year did Stalin make collectivisation compulsory?

A

1929

43
Q

Which nation suffered a “punishment famine” under Stalin’s collectivisation policy?

A

Ukraine

44
Q

Which “ideological enemy” was targeted by Stalin during the collectivisation policy?

A

Kulaks

45
Q

How many kulaks were murdered by Stalin’s regime?

A

3 million

46
Q

What % of land had been collectivised by 1939?

A

99%

47
Q

How many peasants moved into the cities during the policy of collectivisation under Stalin?

A

17 million

48
Q

What economic planning body did Stalin create to set targets for his Five Year Plans?

A

Gosplan

49
Q

What types of industry were prioritised by Stalin in the first Five Year Plan?

A

Heavy industry - coal, oil, iron, steel

50
Q

Production of which product outperformed targets in Stalin’s first Five Year Plan?

A

Oil

51
Q

What were the weaknesses of Stalin’s Five Year Plans?

A
  • Target-mania - targets set too high
  • Terror - led to factories managers to falsify production data
  • Bottlenecks in production - shortages of raw materials
52
Q

Production of what type of goods was ignored by all of Stalin’s Five Year Plans?

A

Consumer goods

53
Q

Which of Stalin’s Five Year Plans focused on armament production?

A

Third - build up to WW2

54
Q

What was Magnitogorsk?

A

An example of a gargantuan project of Stalin’s Five Year Plans

55
Q

What did factory managers fear being accused of during Stalin’s Five Year Plans?

A

Being an saboteur

56
Q

What length was the working day extended to under Stalin’s Five Year Plans?

A

12 hours

57
Q

What was the name of the coal miner used as a propaganda tool during Stalin’s Five Year Plans?

A

Alexei Stakhanov

58
Q

What was the name of Khrushchev’s agricultural policy?

A

Virgin Land Campaign

59
Q

What nickname did Khrushchev receive?

A

Mr Corn

60
Q

Identify a region associated with the VLC

A

Kazakhstan

61
Q

What year did the VLC begin?

A

1954

62
Q

How many motorised tractors did the campaign deliver initially?

A

120,000

63
Q

Why did established farmers not want to move to the Virgin Lands?

A

Poor living conditions and infrastructure

64
Q

By 1959 how many hectares of land only had 1 tractor?

A

200 hectares

65
Q

What year was their a poor harvest?

A

1963

66
Q

Production of what product in the 6th Five Year Plan helped develop more consumer goods?

A

Plastics

67
Q

By how much did the housing stock grow by under Khrushchev?

A

Doubled

Russia and its Rulers: Thematic Exam Question Areas (4 decks)

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