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Multiple Choice > Walter Book > Flashcards

Walter Book Flashcards

1
Q

Unsanitary Water is related to 80% of all ______ in the world

A

morbidity

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2
Q

Rain and snowmelt that seeps into the ground

A

Groundwater

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3
Q

What zone does gravity pull water to a depth where all openings in soil or rock are filled with water

A

Saturated Zone

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4
Q

Top of saturated zone
Rises & Falls according to:
Season
Rain & Snow

A

Water Table

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5
Q

What zone is part of the unsaturated zone?

A

Vadose Zone

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6
Q

Directly below the surface and contains some water

A

Unsaturated Zone

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7
Q

What zone allows water to travel: groundwater fills the pores of the various kinds of rocks, sand, and soils

A

Saturated Zone

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8
Q

A well that goes thru the confining layer

A

Artesian Well

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9
Q

What kind of well does pressure cause water to rise through the limiting layer and above ground level?

A

Flowing artesian well

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10
Q

Confining rock or clay

A

confining layer or aquaclude layer

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11
Q

Ground water below a layer of solid rock or clay is a _______

A

Confined aquifer

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12
Q

Compacted clay, soil, silt, sand that retards the flow of water is a ______

A

Aquitard

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13
Q

Not below a confining layer

A

Unconfined Aquifer

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14
Q

Top layer aquifer

A

Water table aquifer

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15
Q

Well water & ground water are the same level

A

In a water table aquifer

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16
Q

What system serves at least 15 service connections, or regularly serves at least 25 individuals?

A

Public Water System (PWS)

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17
Q

What system serves 25 people or 15 connections year round?

A

Community Water System (CWS)

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18
Q

What system serves at least 25 people at least 6 months of the year, such as churches, schools, factories?

A

Non-transient, non-community (NTNCWSs)

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19
Q

What system serves a transient population at least 60 days per year? Includes roadside stops, commercial campgrounds hotels, and restaurants that have their own water supples.

A

Transient Non-Community (TNCWSs)

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20
Q

What are treatment plant standards?

A

Well equipped laboratory
Qualified chemist

21
Q

EPA requires EPA certified operators for what systems?

A

Community public water systems
Non-transient non-community public water systems

22
Q

What are the 3 Sources of Drinking Water

A
  1. Surface Water
  2. Ground Water
  3. Ground water under the direct influence of surface water
23
Q

What are some Early Treatment Techniques?

A
  1. Disinfection - chlorination
  2. Slow Sand Filtration
    • Large filter beds with relatively slow filtration rate, no chemical coagulation
      -Removal by sieving and “scavenging”
    • Appropriate for small rural systems with decent water supplies
      -Effective Giardia removal
  3. Rapid sand filtration
    -Smaller filter beds with more rapid filtration rate, some chemical coagulation
    -Relies on destabilization and attachment for removal
24
Q

What treatment technique is effective for Giardia removal?

A

Slow Sand Filtration

25
What are some modern treatment options
1. Coagulation, Flocculation, & Sedimentation 2. Filtration -Conventional -Direct -Slow sand -Diatomaceous Earth 3. Ion exchange -inorganics: removes arsenic, chromium, excess fluoride, nitrates, radium, and uranium 4. Disinfection: Cl, O3, UV-C
26
What are colloids and how are they suspended in water?
Finely dispersed solids that are suspended in water by repelling electrical charges (all the same negative charge)
27
How are flocs formed?
Coagulation changes that homegeneous electrical charge to cause attraction to form larger particles
28
Coagulation & Sedimentation removes what?
90%-99% of bacteria & viruses 90+% of protozoa & phosphates
29
Flocculation
Adding chemical polymers to form bridges between flocs to form larger flocs
30
How can large flocs be removed?
1. Sedimentation 2. Filtration
31
What is the Water Filtration Process?
1. Pre-treatment (pre-chlorination/O3; microstraining, aeration) 2. Coagulation: (aluminum sulfate, copperas, sodium aluminate, clay) 3. Flocculation: (chemical polymers) 4. Sedimentation 5. Filtration 6. Post-treatment Sanitizing (Chlorine, ozone, UVC)
32
What does storage do?
Pressurizes the distribution system which keeps contaminants out. Allows system to meet peak demands Protects pumps
33
Origins of the PWSS Program
Early 1900s: State and local efforts to control water-borne disease 1914: First Federal standards voluntarily adopted by many States 1925: Filtration and chlorination used in large cities
34
Why are sanitary surveys necessary?
1. To determine water system reliability 2. To properly interpret water analysis 3. To evaluate the effects of actual & potential sources of pollution water quality
35
What required establishment of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations?
1974 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
36
What roles did the Safe Drinking Water Act establish?
1. EPA 2. States 3. Public water suppliers
37
What is the EPA's role in drinking water?
1. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (enforceable) 2. National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (recommendations) 3. State primacy requirements
38
What are the Standards and Regulations under SDWA?
1. Regulations to control contaminants with acute health risks -Microbiological contaminants -Nitrates 2. Regulations to control contaminants with chronic health risks -VOCs (Volatile Organic Chemicals) -IOCs (Inorganic Chemicals) -SOCs (Synthetic Organic Chemicals) -Radionuclides
39
What is Primacy?
EPA may award States, Territories, and Indian Tribes primary enforcement responsibility (primacy) if they meet certain requirements
40
What is the preferred field test for residual chlorine?
DPD
41
What is the SNORT for residual chlorine?
Stabilized Neutral Orthotolidine; colorimetric determination of chlorine by reaction with orthotolidine
42
What is the FACTS for residual chlorine?
Free Available Chlorine Test, Syringaldazinel colorimetric; proprietary process
43
What is the Surface Water Treatment Rule?
applies to systems that use surface water. Establishes treatment techniques for Giardia, viruses, legionella, and turbidity (requires disinfection and filtration)
44
SDWA 1989. Total Coliform Rule
to control microbiological contaminants, applies to all PWSs, requires systems to sample for coliform in the distribution system.
45
What can presence of coliform indicate?
Treatment failures or deterioration of the distribution system
46
What is sampling frequency dependent on?
Number of persons served: 25-1,000: 1 sample 4,901-5,800: 6 samples 41,001-50,000: 50 samples
47
How many positive Total Coliform can be positive per month for systems sampling less than 40x per month?
1 sample
48
How many positive Total Coliform can be positive per month for systems sampling more than 40x per month?
not more than 5% of TC positive
49

Multiple Choice (2 decks)

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