WALLS

Question 1

What is a Wall

Answer 1

Vertical architectural partition used to divide an area or enclose another

Question 2

Functional Requirements

9

Answer 2

1. Strength
2. Stability
3. Damp Resistance
4. Durability
5. Fire Saftey
6. Thermal Insulation
7. Aural Insulation
8. Security
9. Aesthetics

Question 3

Strength

Answer 3

• The ability to resist compressive and tensile forces
• Working strength of materials determine their use in the building

Question 4

Stability

Answer 4

• Affected by foundation movement, eccentruc loading, lateral forces
• Adhere to building regulations and calculatios of structural design
• Lateral restraint is made by intersecting walls and piers, then tying roofs to walls

Question 5

Damp Resistance

Answer 5

• Walls should resist passage of moisture
• Dependent on exposure to wind driven rains
• Dependent on construction of wall
• DPC and Weep Holes

Question 6

Thermal Insulatin

Answer 6

• Heat transferred by conduction, radiation and convection
• Thermal Insulation vs A thermal bridge
• Resist excessive transfer of heat to and from outside of building

Cavities: Thermal Insulation
Lintels and Stills: Thermal Bridge

Question 7

Durability

Answer 7

• Freedom of maintainence determined by how often and to what extent maintainance work is required to maintain minimum functional requirements

Question 8

Fire Saftey

Answer 8

• Structural integrity of a wall during fires dependant on the material used
• Consider surface spread of flames
• Minimum fire resistance periods aught to be specified

Question 9

Aural Insulation

Answer 9

• Effevtive sound insulation include dense, solid barriers
• Insulation of impact sounds make use of absorbent materials such as carpet

Question 10

Security

Answer 10

Providing a barrier against unwanted visitors

Question 11

Aesthetics

Answer 11

• Meeting satisfaction of frunctional performance while still meeting aesthetic goals of client and designer

Question 12

Wall Materials

6

Answer 12

Stone
Brick and Block
Timber
Concrete
Steel
Glass

Question 13

Bricks and Blocks

Answer 13

Rectangular building units made of baked or dried clay and other materials

Question 14

Joints

Answer 14

• 900mm Max Horizontal Wall ties
• 450mm Max Vertical Ties

Question 15

Bonding

Answer 15

• Arrangement of bricks in a predetermined pattern
• To strengthen the wall
• To provide lateral stability
• For aesthetic
• For economy as some bonds require fewer bricks

Question 16

Bonds

Answer 16

• Stretcher Bond - Long side, used for half brick walls
• English Bond - One header followed by One Stretcher
• Flmeish Bond - Header and stretcher laid alternatively along one course
• Common Bond - Header every six courses

Question 17

Forms of Block and Bricks

Answer 17

Cut Brick
Dressed Stone Block
Tooled Block

Question 18

Bricklaying Tools

Answer 18

1. Brick Trowel - lay motar
2. Pointing Trowel - shape motar
3. Lines and Pins - straight lines for courses
4. Plumb Level - vertial plumb and horizontal level lines
5. Frenchman - cut excess motar from newly pointed brwk
6. Hawk and Trowel - plastering tool and board

Question 19

Types of Bricks

Answer 19

Solid
Perforated (Between 20mm and 500sqmm )
Hollow (20mm and 500sqmm)
Cellular (Holes closed at one end)
Concrete
Insulation
Glazed (For greater cleanliness)

Holes either smaller than 25% of volume or exceed 25% of volume

Question 20

Qualities of Bricks

Answer 20

Facing - Internal (Internal Work, Needs Care)
Stock - Ordinary (External Work)
Engineering - Special (Extreme Exposure)

Can have: Rough Cast, Rustic, Shiny finishes

Clay: 222x106 || Concrete: 290x190