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Renal > Wall: Overview of renal structure and function > Flashcards

Wall: Overview of renal structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major cations of the ECFV and ICFV?

A

ECFV: sodium
ICFV: potassium

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2
Q

What determines the size of total body water (TBW)?

A

total body sodium (TBNa)

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3
Q

What is the major ECFV buffer?

A

bicarbonate

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4
Q

What is the major contributor to blood pressure?

A

Na+

total body sodium content determines ECFV which determines BP/blood volume

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5
Q

What are the major waste products eliminated by the kidney?

A

urea (from protein metabolism)
creatinine (from muscle metabolism)
uric acid (from nucleic acid breakdown)

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6
Q

What are the main endocrine functions of the kidney?

A

EPO production
1-alpha hydroxylase (produces calcitriol)
renin production

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7
Q

T or F: Bc the kidney regulates total body Na+ and therefore blood pressure, hypertensions is a kidney disease largely

A

T

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8
Q

Catabolism of what key peptide hormone occurs in the kidney?

A

insulin

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9
Q

What can happen with decreased nephron mass in terms of insulin catabolism?

A

slower degradation of insulin (increased half life)

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10
Q

How many liters/day are formed at the glomerulus?

A

180

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11
Q

what is an ultrafiltrate?

A

cell free, protein free filtrate of plasma that is iso-osmolar to plasma

the ultrafiltrate contains water and small solutes but not proteins or RBCs

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12
Q

each kidney gets what percentage of the cardiac output?

A

10%

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13
Q

How much filtrate is reabsorbed daily?

A

178 L/day (98-99% of the daily glomerular filtrate)

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14
Q

How much urine is made daily?

A

1-2 L (180 of daily filtrate- 178 of reabsorbed filtrate)

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15
Q

What is the best index of overall kidney function?

A

GFR

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16
Q

What drives the filtrate formation at the glomerular capillaries?

A

Starling forces

17
Q

What are the 4 major processes involved in renal function?

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

18
Q

Kidneys are situated in the retroperitoneum from spinal levels ___ to ____

A

T12 to L3

19
Q

Renal cortex receives about ___% of total blood flow to the kidney

A

90%

20
Q

Where do all glomeruli reside?

A

renal cortex

21
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

vessels from the juxtamedullary nephrons that follow the course of the loop of henle

22
Q

What does the renal hilum consist of?

A 
renal artery and vein
renal pelvis
ureter
renal nerves
lymphatics
23
Q

What are the 3 sites of potential obstruction (via kidney stone) within the ureter?

A
  1. pelvic ureteral junction
  2. crossover of pelvic brim
  3. urinary trigone
24
Q

Compare and contrast male and female urethra.

A

Male: longer, less UTI, goes through median lobe of prostate

Female: shorter, increase in UTI

25
Q

Where is the most common spot for obstruction in male urethra?

A

prostatic urethra (obstructive uropathy)

26
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

27
Q

compare and contrast cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.

A

cortical: 85% of nephrons, smaller, further from aorta, lower pressure inside glomerular capillaries (decreased filtration rate), short loop of henle, never at 100% capacity (reserve capacity)

Juxtamedullary: 15% of nephrons, larger, closer to corticomedullary junction, higher glomerular pressure (higher filtration rate), longer loops of henle, always operate at full capacity

28
Q

What provides the only arterial blood supply to the medulla?

A

the desceding vasa recta (coming from efferent arterioles) that surround the loops of henle in the juxtamedullary nephrons

29
Q

the medulla is hypotonic/isotonic/hypertonic

A

hypertonic

30
Q

90% of blood goes to the cortex and only 10% to the medulla. Why is this crucial?

A

Bc the medulla is hypertonic. If a large amount of blood were to flow through the medulla, it would wash out the medullary solute and we could not make concentrated urine.

31
Q

How does the kidney maintain the medulla in a hypertonic fashion?

A

the vasa recta has countercurrent arrangement. Solute can be transferred between ascending and descending vasa recta

Renal (11 decks)

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