W8 Mood and depression Disorders Flashcards
What is depression
Low mood, sleeping less/more, eating less/more, loss of interest, hopelessness.
How to measure depression
Self-report scales
Causes of depression
Life events, genetics, chemical imbalance in the brain.
What are the symptoms of depression
Cognitive symptoms: difficulty with concentration or making decisions.
Behavioral symptoms: social withdrawal and agitation.
Somatic (physical) symptoms: insomnia or hypersomnia, eating too much too little.
Affective (mood) symptoms: depressed mood and feelings of worthlessness or guilt.
Reactive depression
triggered by a negative experience
Endogenous depression
no apparent negative life event
Unipolar affective disorder
depression
Bipolar affectve disorder
depression with periods of mania (energetic, impulsive, positive, very confident). Very cyclic, you might spend months in the mania period and then go through depressive period.
Iproniazid
originally developed to treat tuberculosis (didn’t work!) but patients felt less depressed about having tuberculosis.
Mono amine oxidase (MAO)
is an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters. MAO inhibitors stop it working. Leaves more neurotransmitter in the neuron so more can be released
What chemical structure is part of tricyclic antidepressants?
Imipramine: chemical structure includes a three-ring chain.
Tricuclic antidepressants
block reuptake and therefore leaves more transmitter at the synapse.
Prozac
blocks reuptake and therefore leave more transmitter at the synapse.
What is used to treat bipolar
Lithium: interferes with second messenger system
Monoamine theory of depression
Anti-depressants act on monoamines. Hypothesis: Depression is actually caused by a deficit of monoamine neurotransmission
Some evidence of elevated receptors in depressed patients (to compensate for low levels of transmission)
Seligman’s attributional model
Attribution of negative events: 3 dimensions are
Internal vs External
Global vs Specific
Stable vs Unstable
ADM (anti-depressant medication)
side-effects, no cognitive resilience, addictive
Major/Unipolar depression
A psychological problem/disorder characterized by relatively extended periods of clinical depression which cause significant distress to the individual and impairment in social or occupational functioning.
Bipolar disorder
A psychological disorder characterized by periods of mania that alternate with periods of depression.
Dysthymic disorder
form of depression in which the sufferer has experienced at least 2 years of depressed mood for more days than not.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
condition in which some women experience severe depression symptoms between 5 and 11 days prior to the start of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms then improve significantly within a few days after the onset of menses.
Seasonal affective disorder
A condition of regularly occurring depressions in winter with a remission the following spring/summer
Chronic Fatigue syndrome
A disorder characterized by depression and mood fluctuations together with physical symptoms such as extreme fatigue, muscle pain, chest pain, headaches and noise/light sensitivity.
Tricuclic drugs
Drugs which block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.
Beck’s Cognitive theory
depression could be caused by biases ways of thinking and processing information.
Negative schema
set of beliefs that tends individuals towards viewing the world and themselves in a negative way.
Negative Triad
People hold negative view of themselves, of their future and of the world.
Attribution theories
People who are likely to become depressed attribute negative life events to internal, stable and global factors
Hopelessness theory
individuals exhibit an expectation that positive outcomes will not occur, negative outcomes will occur, and that the individual has no responses available that will change this state of affairs.
Cyclothymic disorder
A form of depression characterized by at least 2 years of hypomania symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a manic episode and in which the sufferer experience alternating periods of withdrawal then exuberance, inadequacy and then high self-esteem.
Olanzapine
Antipsychotic drug commonly prescribed in combination with antidepressant SSRI drug Fluxetine as a treatment for bipolar disorder.
Fluxetine Prozax
A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) which reduces the reuptake of serotonin in the brain and is taken to treat depression.
Electroconvulsive theory
Method of treatment for depression/psychosis, 1930s, involves passing and electric current of around 70-130 volts through the head of the patient for around half a second.
Stepped care models
treatments for psychopathology that emphasise that the type of treatment provided for those individuals should be tailored to the severity of their symptoms and their personal/social circumstances.
Stepped care Models
treatments for psychopathology that emphasise that the type of treatment provided for those individuals should be tailored to the severity of their symptoms and their personal/social circumstances.
Social skills training
theory for depression that assumes depression is partly resulting from an individual’s inability to communicatee and socialized appropriately and the addressing these deficits should help to alleviate the symptoms.
Behavioural activation theory
a therapy for depression that attempts to increase clients’ access to pleasant events and rewards and decrease their experience of aversive events and consequences.
