W8 Mood and depression Disorders

Question 1

What is depression

Answer 1

Low mood, sleeping less/more, eating less/more, loss of interest, hopelessness.

Question 2

How to measure depression

Answer 2

Self-report scales

Question 3

Causes of depression

Answer 3

Life events, genetics, chemical imbalance in the brain.

Question 4

What are the symptoms of depression

Answer 4

Cognitive symptoms: difficulty with concentration or making decisions.
Behavioral symptoms: social withdrawal and agitation.
Somatic (physical) symptoms: insomnia or hypersomnia, eating too much too little.
Affective (mood) symptoms: depressed mood and feelings of worthlessness or guilt.

Question 5

Reactive depression

Answer 5

triggered by a negative experience

Question 6

Endogenous depression

Answer 6

no apparent negative life event

Question 7

Unipolar affective disorder

Answer 7

depression

Question 8

Bipolar affectve disorder

Answer 8

depression with periods of mania (energetic, impulsive, positive, very confident). Very cyclic, you might spend months in the mania period and then go through depressive period.

Question 9

Iproniazid

Answer 9

originally developed to treat tuberculosis (didn’t work!) but patients felt less depressed about having tuberculosis.

Question 10

Mono amine oxidase (MAO)

Answer 10

is an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters. MAO inhibitors stop it working. Leaves more neurotransmitter in the neuron so more can be released

Question 11

What chemical structure is part of tricyclic antidepressants?

Answer 11

Imipramine: chemical structure includes a three-ring chain.

Question 12

Tricuclic antidepressants

Answer 12

block reuptake and therefore leaves more transmitter at the synapse.

Question 13

Prozac

Answer 13

blocks reuptake and therefore leave more transmitter at the synapse.

Question 14

What is used to treat bipolar

Answer 14

Lithium: interferes with second messenger system

Question 15

Monoamine theory of depression

Answer 15

Anti-depressants act on monoamines. Hypothesis: Depression is actually caused by a deficit of monoamine neurotransmission

Some evidence of elevated receptors in depressed patients (to compensate for low levels of transmission)

Question 16

Seligman’s attributional model

Answer 16

Attribution of negative events: 3 dimensions are
Internal vs External
Global vs Specific
Stable vs Unstable

Question 18

ADM (anti-depressant medication)

Answer 18

side-effects, no cognitive resilience, addictive

Question 19

Major/Unipolar depression

Answer 19

A psychological problem/disorder characterized by relatively extended periods of clinical depression which cause significant distress to the individual and impairment in social or occupational functioning.

Question 20

Bipolar disorder

Answer 20

A psychological disorder characterized by periods of mania that alternate with periods of depression.

Question 21

Dysthymic disorder

Answer 21

form of depression in which the sufferer has experienced at least 2 years of depressed mood for more days than not.

Question 22

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 22

condition in which some women experience severe depression symptoms between 5 and 11 days prior to the start of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms then improve significantly within a few days after the onset of menses.

Question 23

Seasonal affective disorder

Answer 23

A condition of regularly occurring depressions in winter with a remission the following spring/summer

Question 24

Chronic Fatigue syndrome

Answer 24

A disorder characterized by depression and mood fluctuations together with physical symptoms such as extreme fatigue, muscle pain, chest pain, headaches and noise/light sensitivity.

Question 25

Tricuclic drugs

Answer 25

Drugs which block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.

Question 26

Beck’s Cognitive theory

Answer 26

depression could be caused by biases ways of thinking and processing information.

Question 27

Negative schema

Answer 27

set of beliefs that tends individuals towards viewing the world and themselves in a negative way.

Question 28

Negative Triad

Answer 28

People hold negative view of themselves, of their future and of the world.

Question 29

Attribution theories

Answer 29

People who are likely to become depressed attribute negative life events to internal, stable and global factors

Question 30

Hopelessness theory

Answer 30

individuals exhibit an expectation that positive outcomes will not occur, negative outcomes will occur, and that the individual has no responses available that will change this state of affairs.

Question 31

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 31

A form of depression characterized by at least 2 years of hypomania symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a manic episode and in which the sufferer experience alternating periods of withdrawal then exuberance, inadequacy and then high self-esteem.

Question 32

Olanzapine

Answer 32

Antipsychotic drug commonly prescribed in combination with antidepressant SSRI drug Fluxetine as a treatment for bipolar disorder.

Question 33

Fluxetine Prozax

Answer 33

A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) which reduces the reuptake of serotonin in the brain and is taken to treat depression.

Question 34

Electroconvulsive theory

Answer 34

Method of treatment for depression/psychosis, 1930s, involves passing and electric current of around 70-130 volts through the head of the patient for around half a second.

Question 35

Stepped care models

Answer 35

treatments for psychopathology that emphasise that the type of treatment provided for those individuals should be tailored to the severity of their symptoms and their personal/social circumstances.

Question 36

Stepped care Models

Answer 36

treatments for psychopathology that emphasise that the type of treatment provided for those individuals should be tailored to the severity of their symptoms and their personal/social circumstances.

Question 37

Social skills training

Answer 37

theory for depression that assumes depression is partly resulting from an individual’s inability to communicatee and socialized appropriately and the addressing these deficits should help to alleviate the symptoms.

Question 38

Behavioural activation theory

Answer 38

a therapy for depression that attempts to increase clients’ access to pleasant events and rewards and decrease their experience of aversive events and consequences.