PSY1003 W5 Biopsychology of emotion

Question 1

What are physiological response associated with?

Answer 1

The Physiological response or changes are typically associated with the autonomic nervous system- what happens to the body (increase in heart rate, breathing, sweating).

Question 2

Darwin’s theory of emotions

Answer 2

Darwin observed that emotions were displayed in all species, how they display emotions are very similar and overlap. Emotional response tends to accompany emotional state, regardless of species.

Question 3

James lange theory (quick overview)

Answer 3

Psyciological arousal => emotion fear

Question 4

Cannon-bard theory (quick overview)

Answer 4

=> psysiological arousal.
=> Emotion fear.

Question 5

Two factor theory

Answer 5

<==> psysiological arousal <==> emotion fear

Question 6

James-lang theory

Answer 6

suggest that any emotion induced sensory stimuli are received and interpreted by the cortex, which triggers changes in the visceral organs via the autonomic nervous system and in the skeletal muscles via the somatic nervous system. Then the autonomic and somatic responses trigger the experience of emotion in the brain.

Question 7

Cannon-bard theory

Answer 7

emotional stimuli have two independent excitatory effects. They excite both the feeling of emotion in the brain and the expression of emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. Parallel processes that have no direct causal relation.

Question 8

Two factor theory (modern day view)

Answer 8

each of the three principal factors in an emotional response – the perception of the emotion-inducing stimulus, the autonomic and somatic responses to the stimulus, and the experience of the emotion- can influence the other two. Propose that all the aspects interact

Question 9

Emotions are not all associated with what?

Answer 9

Evidence indicates that not all emotions are associated with the same pattern of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. But there’s no evidence that each emotion is characterized by a distinct pattern of ANS activity.

Question 10

key structures of the limbic system

Answer 10

Key structures: amygdala, mammillary body, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum, olfactory bulb, and hypothalamus

Question 11

fear

Answer 11

the easiest emotion to infer from behavior in various species.
Clenching muscles, eyes widening, sense of hiding, Not displaying threat in return, showing submission.

Question 12

Fear conditioning in animals

Answer 12

rat exposred to a tone (Condition stimulus) Tone + shock (condition response) rat associated the tone with the shock, fear even without a shocl.

Question 13

Fear conditioning

Answer 13

establishment of fear in response to a previously neutral stimulus (the CS) by presenting it, usually several times, before the delivery of an aversive stimulus (US).

Question 14

Fear conditioning: Humans

Answer 14

Little Albert = A + rat, neutral response, slightly intrigued. Then they had a loud noise + A, he had instinctual response, crying. They associated the rat + noise = A not happy. But now albert as associated the rat with the loud noise, and he now has a conditioned response, albert crying.

Question 15

Instinctual reaction

Answer 15

an instinctual survival response.

Question 16

Amygdala

Answer 16

receives input from all sensory systems, (believed to be where emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained.)
Damage/ Lesions of the amygdala can affect fear conditioning. Several pathways carry signals from the amygdala to brain-stem structures that control the various emotional responses.

Question 17

Amygdala pathway to the periaqueductual Gray (PAG) of the midbrain.

Answer 17

elicits appropriate defensive responses (which is more behavioural),

Question 18

Amygdala pathway to the lateral hypothalamus

Answer 18

elicits appropriate sympathetic responses (increased arousal)

Question 19

Kluver-Bucy Syndrom

Answer 19

Syndrome observed in monkeys whose anterior temporal lobes had been removed. The symptoms showed they were constantly consuming anything that was addible, increased in sexual activity at objects, repeatedly investigate objective with their mouth. Complete lack of fear. (fear and amygdala)

Question 20

Emotion-cognition interaction

Answer 20

evidence of activity in the medial prefrontal lobes when emotional reactions are being cognitively suppressed or re-evaluated. The Hippocampus’ role: remembering experiences to influences future response behavior.

Question 21

Valence model

Answer 21

proposes that the right hemisphere is specialized for processing negative emotions and the left hemisphere is specialized for processing positive emotion.

Question 22

Why emotions matter?

Answer 22

Emotions are a major part of mental life: relationships, work, art.
Emotions motivate actions e.g. Hate.
Mental health disorders are linked to defective emotions.
Emotions are biologically valuable: evaluation, attention, motivation, social connection.

Question 23

Stress

Answer 23

Unusual demand (personal, social, physical)=> perceived as (significant, and adversity) => responses (emotional, cognitive, physiological) => results (adaptation or not, coping/failure to cope, cost/benefits)

Question 24

Stress

Answer 24

can be defined as our mental, physical, emotional, and behavioral reactions to any perceived demands or threats. What are your stressors? = Stress is quite a personal and subjective experience.

Question 25

Short-term stress

Answer 25

the stress response produces adaptive changes that help the animal respond to the stressor. Stress response: activation of the anterior-pituitary adrenal-cortex system.

Question 26

Types of stress: Positive

Answer 26

Brief increase in heart rate, mild elevations in the stress hormone.

Question 27

Types of stress: tolerable

Answer 27

serious, temporary stress responses bffered by supportive relatinships

Question 28

Types of stress: Toxic

Answer 28

Prolonged activation of stress response systems in the absence of protective relationships

Question 29

Innate immune response

Answer 29

Response is much faster and it’s not specific to any antigen. It responds to all sorts of foreign material.

Question 30

Adaptive immune response

Answer 30

slower reaction, specific to an antigen

Question 31

stress (2)

Answer 31

physiological and psychological response to demands

Question 32

Fear (2)

Answer 32

Emotional response to perceived or actual threat

Question 33

Anxiety

Answer 33

anticipatory response to unknow threat

Question 34

WHat happens when stress becomes anxiety

Answer 34

anxiety is when feelings of being anxious and stressed don’t go away, can’t’ be controlled easily happen for no particular reason.