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GFP :0 > W8 - Lecture 23 - Grazing Management 4 > Flashcards

W8 - Lecture 23 - Grazing Management 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the aim for autumn/winter grass

A

Aim: maximize grass utilization Sept-Dec while finishing the grazing season with the desired farm grass cover

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2
Q

what is Autumn a time of (3)

A

Autumn is a time of
1) declining grass growth rates
2) greater demand than supply
3) more difficult grazing conditions

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3
Q

what are the aims for autumn management

A
  1. Increase number of days at
    grass
  2. Keep grass in the diet
  3. Set up the final rotation
    - Close farm at desired AFC
    - Enable overwinter growth
    - Have grass in Spring
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4
Q

what do you need to balance between the autumn grass build up

A
  • sufficient grass accumulation for spring
  • sward quality
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5
Q

what % of herbage available in spring is accounted for by closing date in autumn

A

50%

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6
Q

what should the final grazing rotation of the year be

A

40-45 days in length and resting of paddocks be from October 1-10

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7
Q

what spring rotation planner should be used

A

60:40

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8
Q

what should the closing farm grass cover in late November be?

A

600kg DM/ha @ 2.5 LU/ha.
➢ 1st paddock closed 900kg DM/ha
➢ Last paddock closed 200kg DM/ha

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9
Q

why should grass be grazed well in the final rotation

A

to encourage autumn/winter tillering

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10
Q

what is the aim for max residual grass yield in paddocks as they are closed

A

100 kg DM/ha (4.5cm)

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11
Q

what is the aim for spring (Feb-April) grass

A

Aim: maximize the amount of grazed grass in the cows diet while grazing all paddock by 1st April

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12
Q

what are the management factors which have the largest influence on the quantity/ quality of grazed grass
consumed/cow over this period are:
(Spring) (5)

A

➢calving pattern
➢overall SR
➢autumn closing cover
➢spring N application
➢infrastructure

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13
Q

what is spring grazing management

A

flexibility

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14
Q

what is the aim of the spring (early February to early April) (3)

A
  1. to maximise the amount of grazed grass in the cows diet
  2. graze all paddocks
  3. 12-1400kg DM/ha on first grazed paddocks in early April
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15
Q

what tool is used to plan out first grazing rotation

A

spring rotation plan

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16
Q

why should you used a spring rotation plan (2)

A

To ensure:
➢grass is grazed early enough to allow time for re-growth for
the second rotation
➢to ensure grass does not run out before we start the second
rotation.

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17
Q

what’s needed for spring rotation planning

A
  • turnout date
  • land area
  • start date of second rotation
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18
Q

spring rotation planner for dry farms

A

Dry Farms
* Turnout early to mid February

  • 30% of farm grazed by 1st March
  • 60% of farm grazed by 17th March
  • 100% grazed by end of first week of April
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19
Q

spring rotation planner for heavy farms

A

Heavy Farms
* Turnout late February/
early march
* 30% of the farm grazed
by 10th March
* 60% of the farm grazed
by 27th March
* 100% grazed by mid
April

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20
Q

how many days is heavy farms behind the targets for dry farms

A

7-14 days

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21
Q

what % of the grass should be grazed by:
End of Feb
Mid March
1st week of April

A

End of Feb - 33%
Mid March - 66%
1st week of April - 100%

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22
Q

what fertiliser should be spread in:
Feb
March
April

A

Feb - protected urea
March - 18-6-12+S
- Urea + S
April - protected urea

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23
Q

what is the Spring N recommendation between February and March

A

60 kg N/ha split 33:66 between
February and March

24
Q

does N response reduced or increase as N rate increased

A

reduced

25
Q

what is the aim for kg DM/ha at turnout in spring

A

AFC 900 to 1000 kg DM/ha at turnout

26
Q

what is the stocking rate in spring

A

SR 2.50 cows/ha (vary from farm to farm/ calving pattern) (360 kg DM/cow @ turnout reducing to 240 Mid March)

27
Q

what should pre grazing yields immediately after turnout be

A

~1000kg DM/ha, graze medium to
heavier covers there after.

28
Q

when should the first grazing rotation finishes

A

April 1st to 15th

29
Q

what slows regrowth in spring

A

Excessively low PGSHs (<3.5/4.0 cm)

30
Q

what leads to poor grass utilization and subsequent poor pasture quality

A

Late turnout, with large AFC

31
Q

good grazing management practises in spring

A

➢block grazing + temporary fence to strip graze
➢farm road network will reduce the risk of soil damage

32
Q

what is the objective of the main grazing season (May to August)

A

achieve high cow performance from grass with strategic concentrate supplementation

33
Q

how is high cow performance achieved by

A

achieved by maintaining a
consistent grass supply for the herd on a daily basis - Weekly monitoring

34
Q

How much kg DM/ha on the grazing area during the main grazing season

A

AFC: 450-600 kg DM/ha or Max 180-200, Min 150 kg DM/cow

35
Q

what is the Stocking rate from mid - April to early June and what does it permit

A

4.5 cows/ha from mid- April to early June permits adequate feeding of cows at pasture at required allowance

36
Q

when is supplementation required

A

at a higher stocking rate (<4.5 cows/ha from mid- April to early June)

37
Q

what should pre grazing yields be maintained at kg DM/ha in main grazing season

A

1300-1500 kg DM/ha.

38
Q

when are pastures become problematic

A

Pastures with high post-grazing residues (>100-200 kg DM/ha)/ heights (>5.0 cm) are problematic

39
Q

when should topping take place

A

early (mid-May) rather than late in the season.

40
Q

what will grazing to a very low post-grazing height (< 4.0 cm)

A

will result in reduced grass

41
Q

what % of live leaf should be maintained immediately ahead of the cows

A

> 65% of live leaf

42
Q

what do you use to identify grass surpluses or deficits

A

grass measurements - feed wedge

43
Q

how to address surpluses grass
- short term action (2)

A
  • Close some fields and cut them for silage
  • If contractors are being used – needs to be planned ahead of their arrival to avoid need for separate trips

– Cut excess swards to 5cm with a pasture topper
* Topping may reduce regrowth but will help maintain quality
* Less productive stock to graze off toppings

44
Q

how to address surpluses grass
- Long term action (9)

A
  • Increasing the stocking density earlier in the season
    – Increase the total number of stock carried
    – Reduce the area in the grazing rotation
    – Reduce N
    – Turn out earlier/ stay out later
    – Carry less herbage mass over winter
    – Feed less supplements at grass
    – Consider changing the calving pattern in some or all of the herd to better match sward potential
45
Q

what does deficit grass result in

A
  • reduced grass growth rates
  • underfeeding of the cows
46
Q

what does deficit grass alleviated by (3)

A
  • increasing the grazing area and/or
  • introducing supplements while
  • maintaining rotation length at 20 to 24 days.
47
Q

how to address sward deficit
- short term actions (4)

A
  • Increase the area in the grazing rotation, if possible
  • Introduce a supplementary forage buffer feed
  • Avoid continuing to run cover down,
    compromising re-growths as well as cow feeding
  • Consider drying-off the lowest yielding cows
48
Q

how to address sward deficit
- Longer term actions (8)

A
  • Graze silage ground before mid-April
  • Build-up higher covers going into winter
  • Increase early fertiliser applications
  • Additional summer feeding: lucerne, stubble turnips, forage peas etc.
  • Early winter feeding: forage rape, kale or fodder beet for autumn and winter grazing
  • Plan to buy supplements when favourably priced
  • Consider changing calving pattern in some or all of the herd
    to better match sward potential
  • Reseeding
49
Q

what is substitution rate defined as

A

‘the decrease in pasture intake per
kilogram of supplemented feed’

50
Q

what can substitution rate reduce

A

sward utilisation

51
Q

is there lower or higher milk response to the supplementation

A

lower average milk response

52
Q

what is 0.9kg DM for every ?? kg DM grass silage fed

A

0.9 kg DM for every 1kg DM grass silage fed

53
Q

what is the response to buffer feeding will be influenced by a number of factors including:

A
  • Pasture availability – no role if grazing supplies are adequate =
    expense
    – the amount and type of supplement feed
    – Supplement availability
    – fill value of the feed
    – stage in lactation
    – cows production potential
    – pasture allowance
    – pasture digestibility
54
Q

what is the priority in supplementing grass

A

to maximize the production response while minimising the grass intake reduction

55
Q

what does supplementation lead to

A

reduced intake – nutrient dense concentrate feeds, the net effect maybe an increase in overall nutrient intake

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