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W8 - Lecture 23 - Grazing Management 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the aim for autumn/winter grass

A

Aim: maximize grass utilization Sept-Dec while finishing the grazing season with the desired farm grass cover

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2
Q

what is Autumn a time of (3)

A

Autumn is a time of
1) declining grass growth rates
2) greater demand than supply
3) more difficult grazing conditions

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3
Q

what are the aims for autumn management

A
  1. Increase number of days at
    grass
  2. Keep grass in the diet
  3. Set up the final rotation
    - Close farm at desired AFC
    - Enable overwinter growth
    - Have grass in Spring
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4
Q

what do you need to balance between the autumn grass build up

A
  • sufficient grass accumulation for spring
  • sward quality
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5
Q

what % of herbage available in spring is accounted for by closing date in autumn

A

50%

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6
Q

what should the final grazing rotation of the year be

A

40-45 days in length and resting of paddocks be from October 1-10

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7
Q

what spring rotation planner should be used

A

60:40

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8
Q

what should the closing farm grass cover in late November be?

A

600kg DM/ha @ 2.5 LU/ha.
➢ 1st paddock closed 900kg DM/ha
➢ Last paddock closed 200kg DM/ha

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9
Q

why should grass be grazed well in the final rotation

A

to encourage autumn/winter tillering

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10
Q

what is the aim for max residual grass yield in paddocks as they are closed

A

100 kg DM/ha (4.5cm)

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11
Q

what is the aim for spring (Feb-April) grass

A

Aim: maximize the amount of grazed grass in the cows diet while grazing all paddock by 1st April

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12
Q

what are the management factors which have the largest influence on the quantity/ quality of grazed grass
consumed/cow over this period are:
(Spring) (5)

A

➢calving pattern
➢overall SR
➢autumn closing cover
➢spring N application
➢infrastructure

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13
Q

what is spring grazing management

A

flexibility

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14
Q

what is the aim of the spring (early February to early April) (3)

A
  1. to maximise the amount of grazed grass in the cows diet
  2. graze all paddocks
  3. 12-1400kg DM/ha on first grazed paddocks in early April
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15
Q

what tool is used to plan out first grazing rotation

A

spring rotation plan

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16
Q

why should you used a spring rotation plan (2)

A

To ensure:
➢grass is grazed early enough to allow time for re-growth for
the second rotation
➢to ensure grass does not run out before we start the second
rotation.

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17
Q

what’s needed for spring rotation planning

A
  • turnout date
  • land area
  • start date of second rotation
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18
Q

spring rotation planner for dry farms

A

Dry Farms
* Turnout early to mid February

  • 30% of farm grazed by 1st March
  • 60% of farm grazed by 17th March
  • 100% grazed by end of first week of April
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19
Q

spring rotation planner for heavy farms

A

Heavy Farms
* Turnout late February/
early march
* 30% of the farm grazed
by 10th March
* 60% of the farm grazed
by 27th March
* 100% grazed by mid
April

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20
Q

how many days is heavy farms behind the targets for dry farms

A

7-14 days

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21
Q

what % of the grass should be grazed by:
End of Feb
Mid March
1st week of April

A

End of Feb - 33%
Mid March - 66%
1st week of April - 100%

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22
Q

what fertiliser should be spread in:
Feb
March
April

A

Feb - protected urea
March - 18-6-12+S
- Urea + S
April - protected urea

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23
Q

what is the Spring N recommendation between February and March

A

60 kg N/ha split 33:66 between
February and March

24
Q

does N response reduced or increase as N rate increased

25
what is the aim for kg DM/ha at turnout in spring
AFC 900 to 1000 kg DM/ha at turnout
26
what is the stocking rate in spring
SR 2.50 cows/ha (vary from farm to farm/ calving pattern) (360 kg DM/cow @ turnout reducing to 240 Mid March)
27
what should pre grazing yields immediately after turnout be
~1000kg DM/ha, graze medium to heavier covers there after.
28
when should the first grazing rotation finishes
April 1st to 15th
29
what slows regrowth in spring
Excessively low PGSHs (<3.5/4.0 cm)
30
what leads to poor grass utilization and subsequent poor pasture quality
Late turnout, with large AFC
31
good grazing management practises in spring
➢block grazing + temporary fence to strip graze ➢farm road network will reduce the risk of soil damage
32
what is the objective of the main grazing season (May to August)
achieve high cow performance from grass with strategic concentrate supplementation
33
how is high cow performance achieved by
achieved by maintaining a consistent grass supply for the herd on a daily basis - Weekly monitoring
34
How much kg DM/ha on the grazing area during the main grazing season
AFC: 450-600 kg DM/ha or Max 180-200, Min 150 kg DM/cow
35
what is the Stocking rate from mid - April to early June and what does it permit
4.5 cows/ha from mid- April to early June permits adequate feeding of cows at pasture at required allowance
36
when is supplementation required
at a higher stocking rate (<4.5 cows/ha from mid- April to early June)
37
what should pre grazing yields be maintained at kg DM/ha in main grazing season
1300-1500 kg DM/ha.
38
when are pastures become problematic
Pastures with high post-grazing residues (>100-200 kg DM/ha)/ heights (>5.0 cm) are problematic
39
when should topping take place
early (mid-May) rather than late in the season.
40
what will grazing to a very low post-grazing height (< 4.0 cm)
will result in reduced grass
41
what % of live leaf should be maintained immediately ahead of the cows
>65% of live leaf
42
what do you use to identify grass surpluses or deficits
grass measurements - feed wedge
43
how to address surpluses grass - short term action (2)
- Close some fields and cut them for silage * If contractors are being used – needs to be planned ahead of their arrival to avoid need for separate trips – Cut excess swards to 5cm with a pasture topper * Topping may reduce regrowth but will help maintain quality * Less productive stock to graze off toppings
44
how to address surpluses grass - Long term action (9)
- Increasing the stocking density earlier in the season – Increase the total number of stock carried – Reduce the area in the grazing rotation – Reduce N – Turn out earlier/ stay out later – Carry less herbage mass over winter – Feed less supplements at grass – Consider changing the calving pattern in some or all of the herd to better match sward potential
45
what does deficit grass result in
- reduced grass growth rates - underfeeding of the cows
46
what does deficit grass alleviated by (3)
- increasing the grazing area and/or - introducing supplements while - maintaining rotation length at 20 to 24 days.
47
how to address sward deficit - short term actions (4)
- Increase the area in the grazing rotation, if possible - Introduce a supplementary forage buffer feed - Avoid continuing to run cover down, compromising re-growths as well as cow feeding - Consider drying-off the lowest yielding cows
48
how to address sward deficit - Longer term actions (8)
- Graze silage ground before mid-April - Build-up higher covers going into winter - Increase early fertiliser applications - Additional summer feeding: lucerne, stubble turnips, forage peas etc. - Early winter feeding: forage rape, kale or fodder beet for autumn and winter grazing - Plan to buy supplements when favourably priced - Consider changing calving pattern in some or all of the herd to better match sward potential - Reseeding
49
what is substitution rate defined as
‘the decrease in pasture intake per kilogram of supplemented feed’
50
what can substitution rate reduce
sward utilisation
51
is there lower or higher milk response to the supplementation
lower average milk response
52
what is 0.9kg DM for every ?? kg DM grass silage fed
0.9 kg DM for every 1kg DM grass silage fed
53
what is the response to buffer feeding will be influenced by a number of factors including:
- Pasture availability – no role if grazing supplies are adequate = expense – the amount and type of supplement feed – Supplement availability – fill value of the feed – stage in lactation – cows production potential – pasture allowance – pasture digestibility
54
what is the priority in supplementing grass
to maximize the production response while minimising the grass intake reduction
55
what does supplementation lead to
reduced intake – nutrient dense concentrate feeds, the net effect maybe an increase in overall nutrient intake

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