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PSYC30018: Theme 3: Rob Series (W7-12) > W7 - EF > Flashcards

W7 - EF Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive control

A

Conscious internal goal take precedence over automatic processes

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2
Q

Three behaviors demonstrating top-down cognitive control

A
  1. Inhibitory Control
  2. Impulse Control
  3. Selective Attention
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3
Q

What is the neural network needed for cognitive control based on initial studies. What study did they use.

A

Stroop Task:

  1. ) Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
  2. ) Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)
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4
Q

What is the brain areas in charge of cognitive control doing in the stroop task?

A
  • Dorsal ACC
    • Detects response conflict present in an incongruent word
      • i.e. Greater level of control
  • DLPFC
    • Implement top-down control over performance
      • e.g. biasing visual system
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5
Q

How did they resolve the questions regarding how the neural network on cognitive control resolves conflict in the stroop task?

A

Egner and Hirsch (2005) fMRI study

  • Stroop Task with congruent/incongruent face-name stimuli
  • Faces are known to elicit BOLD response in FFA
    • Could test whether:
      • Amplified processing of face (Faces target)
      • Suppressed processing of face (Face distractor)
      • Both
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6
Q

Results and conclusion:

Face-name stroop task with fMRI

A

1.) When faces were target

  • Higher cognitive control performance associated with increased FFA activity compared to low control trials

2.) When faces were distractor

  • Control performance not associated with FFA activity

Conclusion

Better cognitive control performance associated with amplified neural representation of task-relevant information (In this case, amplified processing of faces)

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7
Q

When tested on functional interactions between regions associated with higher cognitive control and FFA, what did they find?

A

Psychophysiologic Interaction Analysis (PPI):

Only functional coupling between DLPFC and FFA increased under high control in face target condition,

but not in the face distractor condition

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8
Q

What are common tasks examining inhibitory control.

Why?

A

Go/No-Go and Stop Signal Task

  • Requires participants to withhold a prepotent, or automatic, motor response
  • Ideal for neuroimaging, EEG, TMS, as it allows events of interest (success/failed inhibition) to be isolated in time from on-going task-related activity
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9
Q

Inhibitory Control: What did fMRI find

A

Successful response inhibition involved:

  1. ) Right IFG
  2. ) Right parietal
  3. ) Dorsal ACC

(Note: fMRI only allows correlation)

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10
Q

Inhibitory Control: What did leision studies find

A

Volume of lesion damage to the right IFG exclusively, correlated with SSRT (Faster times = Better Control)

  • Right IFG
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11
Q

Inhibitory Control: What did TMS studies find?

A

SSRT

  • Right IFG
  • TMS of middle frontal or angular gyrus had no effect
  • TMS of all three sites did not significantly affect the speed or accuracy of go trial responses
    • Speed of responding is important in response inhibition studies, because the faster you respond the harder it is to inhibit
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12
Q

Based on fMRI, leision and TMS studies on IC, what is the critical region for inhibitory control?

What is the point of running so many different methods?

A

Right IFG

  • Combination of methods allows discrimination of the network of regions important to response inhibition
  • Which can then be tested with causation using either TMS or a lesion study
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13
Q

Disadvantage of leision studies

A

Inability to specify discrete neuroanatomical regions

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14
Q

What is the DSM Criteria for Substance Use Disorder. What is the key thing they are looking out for?

A
  • Larger amount or longer period than intended
  • Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down
    • Relative, not absolute, loss of control.
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15
Q

Is cognitive function related to treatment success? Why?

How does treatment success assist with this?

A

Cognitive function is related to treatment success

  • Ability to inhibit the immediate pursuit of pleasurable stimuli
  • Development of adaptive patterns of behaviour
    • Key factors in drug dependence

Treatment

  • Assist directly, or
  • Indirectly through greater cognitive capacity from CBT
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16
Q

What is the evidence that dependent drug users and gamblers have poor self control (Results and Neurological Implications)? What is unclear?

A

Dependent drug users and gamblers: SSRT and GNG

Behavioural

  • Poorer performance on self-control tasks

Neurological

  • _​_Significantly lower activity in PFC and ACC

Unclear

  • Causal relationship between drug use and brain
    • To what extent dysfunction is caused by or causes drug use
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17
Q

What is the evidence that drug users suffer interference from drug-related stimuli? Results?

A

Drug-related Emotional Stroop

Results

Active and abstinent drug users:

  • Slower RTs for the drug-related words or pictures compared to neutral words or pictures
  • Cocaine users suffer significant interference from cocaine related words and pictures in comparison to controls
  • Both groups are distracted by evocative stimuli
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18
Q

How do drugs (natural or unnatural) attain salience?

A
  • Drugs (including natural rewards) produce euphoria
    • Overactivates limbic centres in the brain via dopamine release in nucleus accumbens (NAc)
  • Limbic system closely tied to hippocampus
    • Repeated pairing drug-induced euphoria with drug-related stimuli creates association
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19
Q

What is the evidence suggesting that drug users are attentionally biased towards drug stimuli

A

Change Blindness Task

Attentional Bias

  • Heavier alcohol users were more sensitive or attentional biased to alcohol-related stimuli
    • Required less latency to detect
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20
Q

What is attentional bias predictive of in drug-users

A

Predicts treatment outcomes and success (cocaine users and alcohol users)

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21
Q

What are evidences suggest that drug-naive children has poor control?

A

It was found that drug-naive children:

  • Prefrontal dysfunction
  • Poor cognitive control performance in drug-naïve children predicts risk for subsequent drug addiction
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22
Q

What kind of behavior does PFC activity in IC predict (Whelan)

A

PFC activity during IC task:

  • Predicted binge drinking
    • At age 16 using model of parameter at age 14
  • Predicted relapse
    • More than >89% accuracy
23
Q

What is ADHD characterised by?

What are neuropsychological deficits in ADHD?

What are ADHD symptoms

A

ADHD

  • Inattention
  • Hyperactivity
  • Impulsitivity

Neruopsychological Deficits

  • Response inhibition
  • Motor timing

Symptoms

Response inhibition

  • Reactive responses + problems delaying
  • Poor protection of interference

Motor

  • Motor Clumsiness

Social and Emotional

  • Disruptive Social Behaviour
  • Emotional Dyscontrol
24
Q

Improving control: Psychopharmocology.

What is the outcome variable (IC Tasks)

A
  • SST (Inhibitory Control) and Attentional Task
    • Improved by Noradrenrgic
    • Improved by MPH (Ritalin)
      • MPH associated with right IFG increases during stop trials
  • Reward Learning Task
    • Improved by Serotonergic

Outcome Variable: IC Task

25
Q

What are the neurobiology behind MA users.

What are the 4 things it predict?

A

Depleted D2 receptor levels and metabolism

Level of depletion: Predicts

  • Relapse Risk
  • Development of Parkinsonian Symptoms
  • Associated with 4x greater risk of developing Parkinson
  • Associated with greater reward impulse
26
Q

Can we improve control in diseases?

A

Cognitive enhancers have NOT generally improved treatment outcomes for psychostimulant users in RCTs, or have mixed results at best

  • Modafinil
  • Methylphenidate/Ritalin

Outcome: Relapse

TLDR: Improve task performance, not treatment outcome

27
Q

What are recent trials demonstrating neuroenhancers improving treatment outcomes

A

Dexaamphetamnie

28
Q

What is ADHD and Drug Addiction characterised by neurobiologically?

A

Low tonic levels of dopamine

29
Q

What is the role of dopemine in response inhibition

A

Role for dopamine in response inhibition is unclear

  • Either
    • Transform top-down inputs into context-dependent signal; or
    • Modulate between seeking stimulation and avoiding overstimulation
30
Q

What disease is a good example of the complex relationship between dopemine and cognitive control

A

Parkinson Disease

  • Associated with low inhibition and low dopamine
  • No evidence that dopemine replacement therapy improves cognitive control
    • Subset of PD patients who begin DRT develop impulse-compulsive behaviors
31
Q

What does showing drug-related stimuli do to drug users

A
  • Activate limbic regions associated with use of the drug
    • Strength of cravings reflected in cue-related limbic activity
32
Q

What does drug-related cue activation in limbic and frontal regions predict?

A

Magnitude of drug-related cue-induced activation of limbic and medial prefrontal regions predicts subsequent relapse

33
Q

What cognitive deficits do MA users show

A
  • Poor verbal memory
  • Slowed Processing speed
  • Executive function
    • Disinhibition
    • Selective attention
    • Decision making
    • Cognitive flexibility
34
Q

What is the magnitude of cognitive deficits are MA users compared to cocaine users, marijuana users, AD

A

Significant magnitude across domains (Learning, EF, Memory)

  • Higher than cocaine and marijuana
  • Slightly lower/Comparable to Alzheimer.
35
Q

Does behaviour (frequency, duration and quantity) of MA use predict level of cognitive impairment?

A

Though MA use has been associated with impairment, use behaviour does not predict.

  • Individual (potentially genetic) variation in susceptibility to MA toxicity
  • Older participants
  • Men
  • Confounded by co-morbidity (other psychiatric conditions)
36
Q

D2 Levels. Which has been linked to vulnerability to addictions or protetive factors?

A
  • Lower D2 = Vulnerable to addictions.
  • High D2 = Protective factor in siblings of drug dependent individuals
37
Q

What is the Inverted U-shaped curved in dopemine (Volkow). Compare low D2 and high D2

A

Optimal level of Dopamine stimulation to be ‘pleasant’

  • Low level of d2 receptors
    • Large drug-induced increases in DA result in optimal stimulation
  • High levels of d2 receptors
    • Large drug-induced increase pushes them to far and into the unpleasant range of the curve
38
Q

What gene has been proposed to affect D2 receptors in the midbrain? What has possession of this gene been associated with?

What is associated with greater dopamine stimulation?

And what do they benefit from?

What do they predict?

A

Gene

  • Taq1A allele. Possession of 2 copies associated with:
    • Reduced D2 density
      • Hypodopaminergic State
      • Low dopaminergic tone

Why

  • Positive reinforcement (euphoria) and negative reinforcement (stress reduction) associated with dopamine stimulation is linked to source of stimulation, giving it greater salience and desire
    • Limbic System
  • Benefits from external dopamine stimulation
    • Directly (cocaine) or indirectly (risk-taking)

Predicts

  • Predicts drug dependence (2-5x)
  • Predicts poor responses to treatment and high relapse
39
Q

What is ‘supersensitivtiy’ in Taq1A

A

‘Supersensitivity’:

After abstinence, Taq1A experience more powerful euphoria upon taking their previously addicted substance, making them vulnerable to relapse

40
Q

What is the underlying principle of human learning. Elaborate.

A

Prediction error

  • Difference between what expectations and outcome
  • Size of difference (Prediction error) is represented in dopamine cell activity
    • Greater magnitude = More likely behaviour will change to move closer to perceived ‘succesful state’
41
Q

What does prediction error system aim to maximize. What else influences the system?

A

Reward.

  • Feedback indicating an outcome much better than expected
    • More likely to be learnt
  • Individual differences and maturational changes in the desire to (a) seek reward or (b) avoid punishment also influence the prediction error system
42
Q

Dopemine and Games: What is it sensitive to

A

Dopamine release is sensitive to:

  • Difficulty
    • Game gets harder, rewards more intermittent
  • Probability
    • E.g. poker machines
    • Never know when you win, but win just often enough to entice
  • Satiation
    • Hedonic adaption is the effect that satiation has on dopamine release to intermittent rewards
43
Q

People who self-report high impulse has been associated with..? What does amphetamine help with and what hypothesis was it consistent with?

A

Low D2.

Small amount of amphetamine led to greater D2 release.

  • Consistent with hypothesis
    • Individuals with low D2 have enhanced response to D2 stimulation
    • Enhanced response associated with stronger subjective desire or ‘wanting’ of the drug
44
Q

How do we operatinalise impulsitivity

A

Baratt Impulsitivity Scale

45
Q

What does selective attention require

A

Selectively attending to stimuli in the presence of incongruent or salient stimuli requires top-down control

46
Q

High sensation seekers have been associated with…

A
  • Low reward sensitivity
    • (Need high sensations to bump up)
  • Poor inhibitory control
47
Q

Does the limbic system pattern of activation found in alcholic extend to children?

A

Yes in drug-naive children of alcoholics

  • More sensitive to reward
  • Less sensitive to punishment
48
Q

How do we operationalise impulsiveness for reward

A
  • Delay discounting task
    • Immediate reward vs Large delayed reward
49
Q

How do we operationalise decision making

A

Gambling Task - Good decks vs bad decks

50
Q

Gambling task in drug users individuals

A

Drug abusers showed impaired performance (bad decisions)

  • Cocaine users show poorer decision making
  • Less DLPFC and ACC activity
  • Greater Orbitofrontal activity
51
Q

What is a cool way of treating substance use disorders

A

Contingency management.

Provide tangible, positive, reinforcement for objective evidence of behaviour change.

52
Q

What is the neuro and bio behind ADHD and drug addiction

A

Combination of

  • High drive for reward
  • Low ability to control reward impulse
  • Low sensitivty to punishment
    • Modulated by Dopamine (Low levels)
53
Q

What is the key role of dopamine

A

Key: Reward Sensitvity

  • Vulnerability to drugs
  • Novelty-seeking

PSYC30018: Theme 3: Rob Series (W7-12) (7 decks)

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