W7: Anatomy L Muscles Of Head And Neck

Question 1

Does the face have deep fascia?

Answer 1

No, only superficial fascia and skin

Question 2

Pharyngeal arch 1 and its nerves

Answer 2

Trigeminal nerve, V2 and V3

Question 3

Pharyngeal arch 2 and its nerves

Answer 3

Facial nerve

Question 4

Pharyngeal arch 3 and its nerves

Answer 4

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 5

Pharyngeal arch 4 and 6 and its nerves

Answer 5

Vagus nerve

Question 6

What pharyngeal arch are the muscles of the face developed from?

Answer 6

Second pharyngeal arch

Question 7

What nerve innervated the muscles of the face?

Answer 7

Facial nerve CNVII

Question 8

6 groups of muscles of facial expression

Answer 8

Orbital, nasal, a oral, auricular, SCALP, neck

Question 9

Orbital group muscles and their actions

Answer 9

Orbicularis oculi (palpebral and orbital) - orbital sphincter to close eyelids gently and tight closing of eye (wink)
Corrugator supercilli - draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly

Question 10

Nasal group muscles and their actions

Answer 10

Nasalis (transverse and alar part) - transverse compresses nostrils and alar dilates the nostrils
Depressor septi
Procerus - winkles skin on nose and draws eyebrows medially

Question 11

Oral group muscles

Answer 11

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus minor, zygomaticus major, risorius, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis, orbicularis oris, buccinator, levator anguli oris

Question 12

What does orbicularis oris do?

Answer 12

Closes lips, can compress and protrude (kissing), can resist distension (blowing) when working with buccinator

Question 13

What does the buccinator do?

Answer 13

Prevent accumulation of food in the vestibule of the mouth, help with compression of the cheeks and in babies helps during breastfeeding. Helps stabilise dentures.

Question 14

What does the levator labii superioris do?

Answer 14

Dilates mouth, elevates the upper lip

Question 15

What do the zygomaticus major and minor do?

Answer 15

Bilateral action - smiling

Unilateral action - sneering

Question 16

What does the levator anguli oris do?

Answer 16

Dilator of the mouth, widens mouth when grinning

Question 17

What does the risorius and depressor anguli oris do?

Answer 17

Depresses corners of the mouth to convert sadness in frowning

Question 18

What does the depressor labii inferioris do?

Answer 18

Retracts lower lip and everts (pouting or sadness)

Question 19

What does mentalis do?

Answer 19

Elevates and protrudes the lower lip

Question 20

What are the auricular group muscles?

Answer 20

Anterior auricular, superior auricular, posterior auricular

Question 21

What are the SCALP group (occipitofrontalis) muscles and their actions?

Answer 21

Frontalis (frontal belly of occipitofrontalis) - elevates eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
Occipitalis (occipital belly of occipitofrontalis) - wrinkles back of head
Both in epicranial aponeurosis

Question 22

What are the neck group muscles and actions?

Answer 22

Platysma - depresses mandible, tenses skin of inferior face and neck

Question 23

5 branches of the facial nerve

Answer 23

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
(Two zebras but my cat)

Question 24

Where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

Answer 24

Stylomastoid foramen

Question 25

Where does the facial nerves terminal branches branch from?

Answer 25

The parotid gland

Question 26

What is Bell’s palsy?

Answer 26

Dysfunction of the facial nerve Generally unilateral Swelling of the nerve during its pathway of the bony canal will produce pressure on the nerve fibre, generating loss of the function of the nerve, so a LMN paralysis. Affects muscles of facial expression

Question 27

Signs of Bell’s palsy

Answer 27

Dripping of saliva, dropping of the mouth, not proper closing of eyes

Question 28

Cervical vertebra in the neck

Answer 28

C1-7

Question 29

What level does the hyoid bone lie?

Answer 29

C3

Question 30

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

Answer 30

It does not articulate with any other bone

Question 31

What fascia is the neck surrounded by?

Answer 31

Superficial cervical fascia and deep cervical fascia

Question 32

What is in the superficial cervical fascia?

Answer 32

Platysma and the nerves that innervate it | Cutaneous nerve of the cervical plexus

Question 33

What are the three layers of deep fascia? (Pic at pt3 min3)

Answer 33

Superficial, pre-tracheal layer, deep layer

Question 34

Describe the superficial part of deep fascia - light green on image

Answer 34

Encloses trapezius posteriorly and SCM anteriorly. Encloses submandibular gland and splits to form the fibrous capsule of the parotid gland.

Question 35

Describe the pre-tracheal layer of the deep fascia - purple on diagram

Answer 35

Includes a thin muscular part enclosing the infrahyoid muscles and visceral part. Encloses thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus. Blends lateral with the carotid sheath which surrounds important structures like the internal jugular vein, internal carotid artery, common carotid artery and vagus nerve.

Question 36

Describe the deep layer of deep fascia

Answer 36

Prevertebral layer (blue) will surround the vertebra and muscles that are associated with it. Alar layer (orange).

Question 37

Function of the fascia

Answer 37

Determine the direction in which an infection might spread Provide slipperiness allowing structures within the neck to pass over the others without being painful and damaging the other structures Layers will form natural cleavage which will help with separating tissues during surgery

Question 38

What triangles are in the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 38

Submental, submandibular, carotid, muscular

Question 39

What triangles are in the posterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 39

Occipital and subclavian triangles

Question 40

What separates the anterior and posterior triangles?

Answer 40

SCM

Question 41

Origin and insertion of SCM

Answer 41

Origin: sterno and clavicular head Insertion: mastoid process and superior nuchal line

Question 42

What is SCM innervated by?

Answer 42

Accessory nerve CNXI

Question 43

What happens when the SCM contracts unilaterally and bilaterally?

Answer 43

Unilateral: lateral flexion of the neck Bilateral: flexion of the neck

Question 44

Boundaries of the posterior triangle

Answer 44

Anterior: posterior border of SCM Posterior: anterior border of trapezius Base: middle third of clavicle

Question 45

What divides the occipital and subclavian triangles?

Answer 45

Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)

Question 46

Arteries in the posterior triangle

Answer 46

``` Subclavian artery Suprascapular artery Transverse cervical artery Occipital artery Dorsal scapular ```

Question 47

Veins of the posterior triangle

Answer 47

Subclavian vein | External jugular vein

Question 48

Nerves of the posterior triangle

Answer 48

Trunks of brachial plexus Branches of the cervical plexus Spinal accessory nerve

Question 49

Muscles and structures of the posterior triangle

Answer 49

``` Omohyoid muscle Lymph nodes (other structures) ```

Question 50

Boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck

Answer 50

Anterior: midline of the neck Posterior: anterior border of SCM Base: inferior border of the mandible

Question 51

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 51

Mylohyoid Digastric Stylohyoid Geniohyoid

Question 52

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 52

Omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid muscles