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Parasitology > W5 Trypanosomiasis > Flashcards

W5 Trypanosomiasis Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of trypanosomisis

A
  • Human African Trypanosomiasis
  • Human American Trypanosomiasis
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2
Q

2 types from Human African Trypanosomiasis

A

West trypanosomiasis
East trypanosomiasis

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3
Q

Difference vector of west and east trypanosomiasis

A

west trypanosomiasis - tsetse fly (glossina palpalis group)

east trypanosomiasis - tsetse fly (glossina morsitans group)

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4
Q

Difference organism of west and east trypanosomiasis

A

West trypanosomiasis - tryopanosoma brucei gambience

East trypanosoma brucei rhodesience

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5
Q

Course of disease of west and east trypanosomiasis

A

West trypanosomiasis - late CNS invasion /chronic

East trypanosomiasis - early CNS invasion /acute

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6
Q

4 MOT of Human African Trypanosomiasis

A
  1. Bite of tsetse fly containing metacyclic trypomastigotes
  2. Across the placenta infect the fetus
  3. Accidental incident - contaminated needle
  4. Sexual contact
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7
Q

Describe life cycle of H. African Trypanosomiasis

A
  1. MOT bite of tsetse fly take a blood meal inject the metacyclic trypomastigotes
  2. Metacyclic trypomastigotes enter the bloodstream to transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes
  3. Bloodstream trypomastigotes multiple by binary fission in various body fluid (blood, spinal fluid, & lymph)
  4. Another tsetse fly take blood meal ingest the bloodstream trypomastigotes
  5. Bloodstream trypomastigotes transform into procyclic trypomastigotes in midgut and multiple by binary fission
  6. procyclic trypomastigotes leaves the midgut and transform into epimastigotes.
  7. Epimastigotes multiple in salivary gland and transform into metacyclic trypomastigotes
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8
Q

How many stages of clinical presentation in H.African Trypanosomiasis and name them

A
  1. Initial stage
  2. Stage 1 disease
  3. Stage 2 disease
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9
Q

Give examples of clinical presentation in initial stage H. African Trypanosomiasis

A
  • Trypanososmal chancre/lesion at the biting site
  • Intermittent fever
  • Rash
  • Fever
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10
Q

Give examples of clinical presentation in stage 1 disease H. African Trypanosomiasis

A
  • haemalymphatic stage
  • fever
  • lympadenopathy
  • hepatosplenomegaly
  • myocarditis
  • Winterbottom’s sign
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11
Q

Give examples of clinical presentation in stage 2 disease H. African Trypanosomiasis

A

(Relate with invasion into CNS)
- headache
- sleeping sickness
- abnormal behavior
- profound coma
- death
- Winterbottom’s sign

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12
Q

Which organism cause chronic form of sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (west)

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13
Q

Which organism cause acute form of sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesience (east)

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14
Q

Does acute form of sleeping sickness really associate with sleeping sickness?

A

Rarely associated with sleeping sickness
- because less invasion of CNS

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15
Q

How does trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is acute?

A

Invade the cardiac system
- Cardiac system more severe

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16
Q

Give 5 laboratory diagnosis of H. African Trypanosomiasi

A
  1. Molecular(PCR) - look for HAT gene
  2. Microscopy - blood smear, to look for trypomastigotes
  3. Serology - CATT / Immunoflurosence Antibody Test (IAT) - detect body antibody against tryponosma
  4. Winterbottom’s sign
  5. Quantitative Buffy Coat - simple, rapid, enhance the trypamastigotes results
17
Q

Treatment advice for T.B. gambiense for first stage and second stage

A

1st stage: Pentamidine
2nd stage: Melarsoprol

18
Q

Treatment advice for T.B. rhodesiense for first stage and second stage

A

1st stage: Suramin
2nd stage: Eflornithine + Nifurtimox

19
Q

5 prevention for H. African Trypanosomiasis

A
  1. Insecticides with bednets (treated with pyrethroid)
  2. Avoid bushes (tsetse fly less active during hottest tempt)
  3. Insect repellant
  4. Inspect vehicles before entering
  5. Wear long sleeves, long pants and socks
20
Q

What trypanosoma organism associated with sleeping sickness

A

Human African Trypanosoma

21
Q

Difference T. brucei and T. cruzi in terms of structure?

A

T. cruzi kinetoplast is larger

22
Q

What is the organisms for Chagas disease?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

23
Q

Vector for chagas disease

A

Triatomine bugs/reduviid bugs/ kissing bugs

24
Q

Describe life cycle of H. American Trypanosoma

A
  1. MOT triatomine bug takes blood meal and pass the feces containing the metacyclic trypomastigotes
  2. Metacyclic trypomastigotes enter the body thru bite wound/mucous membrane; conjuctiva
  3. Enter various cells and transform into amastigotes.
  4. Amastigotes multiple by binary fission in cells
  5. Intracellular amastigotes transform into trypomastigotes and burst out of cells.
  6. Some trypomastigotes infect the new cells, some trypomastigotes enter the bloodstream
  7. Another triatomine bugs takes blood meal, ingest the bloodstream trypomastigotes
  8. trypomastigotes transform into epimastigotes in midgut and multiple
  9. Epimastigotes transform into metacyclic trypomastigotes in hindgut
25
Q

4 MOT of H. American Trypanosoma

A
  1. Vector-borne transmission - infected triatome bug bite the person and pass the feces containing the metacyclic trypomastigotes, enter thru broken skin/mucous membrane
  2. Blood transfusion
  3. Across the placenta infect the fetus
  4. Accidental incident-contaminated needles
26
Q

Give and describe clinical presentation of acute form of H. American Trypanosoma

A
  1. General Symptoms
    - fever
    - lymphadenopathy
    - haepatosplenomegaly
  2. Chagoma
    - A acute inflammatory response
    - Typical subcutaneous lesion on the site of inoculation
  3. Romana’s sign
    - Swelling of eyelid due to conjunctival’s contamination of bug’s feces
27
Q

Give and describe clinical presentation of chronic form of H. American Trypanosoma

A
  1. Chronic symptoms
    - inflammation response
    - cellular destruction
    - fibrosis of muscles
  2. Megacolon & Megaesophagus
  3. Cardiomyopathy
28
Q

5 laboratory diagnosis of H.American Trypanosoma

A
  1. Molecular - PCR
  2. Microscopy - blood smear, look for trypomastigotes
  3. Serology - CATT/IFAT - detect antibody against tryponosomes
  4. Romana’s sign
  5. Xenodiagnosis - feed the patients blood to vector and confirm the pathogen
29
Q

2 treatment of H. American Trypanosoma

A
  1. Nifurtimox
  2. Benznidazole
30
Q

4 prevention to H. American Trypanosoma

A
  1. Wear personal protection: wear long sleeves, long pants & socks
  2. Wear insect repellant
  3. Improve rural area and environment - eliminate breeding sites of vector
  4. Apply insecticides to control vector bug
31
Q

Where trypomastigotes and amastigotes reside?

A

trypomastigotes - in peripheral blood

amastigotes - in cells, muscle tissue, nervous tissue and reticuloendothelial system

Parasitology (3 decks)

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