W5: Obesity Flashcards
What is Obesity. Describe its mechanism and what the consequences of having obesity might be.
Obesity is a disease when an individual has an excessive amounts of accumulated fat. This can be assessed through the BMI scale where >30kg/m^2 is considered obese.
Obesity is linked with abnormalities in multiple organs. In the brain and increased inflammation in the hypothalamus and a increased leptin resistance can be observed. In adipose tissues an increase in lipolysis and an macrophage accumulation will be present. In the liver, an increased triglyceride and glucose production is seen as well as increased inflammation is common. In the skeletal muscular cell , a decreased efficiency in glucose uptake change occurs. Finally, on the pancreas, decreased insulin secretion and beta-cell function Islet inflammation can be seen. All of these could consequently influence insulin resistance and vice versa.
Obesity can also lead to other health complications such as cancer, osteoarthritis, diabetes, mortality, complication during pregnancy/birth, strokes, and heart attacks (Others could name depression, pancreatitis, liver and kidney diseases, asthma).
Therefore, in order to prevent any sort of occurrence of any of the diseases, weight loss becomes extremely important as it is understood to decrease the odd ratio (McQuigg et al., 2008)
What are some of the physical activity treatment methods for obese patients and what is the mechanism. How may obese individuals benefit from
physical activity? Describe using recent literature.
Exercise is understood to assist obesity in both youth and adult populations. In a systematic review on youth obese inidividuals, it was understood that physical activity produces favoring conditions (Kelley et al., 2014).
Furthermore in adults, following a 12 week 5x/week exercise program, obese individuals were able to lose -3.8 kg of fat mass (King et al., 2008). Compared to those individuals who did not engage in any exercise program, exercise was understood to decrease body mass and BMI significantly (Shaw et al., 2006).
Interestingly, when comparing exercise alone against diet alone, modifying diet seemed to produce greater benefits than physical activity (Shaw et al., 2006). However, with many diet techniques, a very low diet program in the long run only produces short term effects (Franz et al., 2007). Furthermore a combination of physical activity and diet brings along greater affect than diet alone, and additional behaviour therapy adds even more benefits (Shaw et al., 2006).
Concluding these evidences, it can be understood that physical activity alone may not be able to solve obesity, whereas to tackle obesity a holistic approach must be taken.
Give some recommendations for exercise in obese patients (children and adults)
When putting together a programme, physical activity should be implemented as part of a multi-component programme, where lifestyle behavioural program and dietary intake should be controlled.
In order to seriously tackle this problem, obese individuals must engage in at least. 225-420 minutes of aerobic moderate-to-vigorous physical activity every week. In order to maximise the benefits and see real progress a combination of dietary restrictions and aerobic exercise is recommended which could possibly provide an outcome of -9 to -13kg of weight loss (Swift et al., 2014). It is also extremely important to break sedentary time and replace this time with physical activity.
For children, Breaking up sedentary time as much as possible becomes important. Always replace sedentary time with physical activity. It is expected that 60 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity is engaged every day. Most importantly getting involved in an active lifestyle is highly recommended
