W5 - Mineral Water Fibre Alcohol

Question 1

List the roles of Water in the Body

Answer 1

●● Carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body
●● Maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen
●● Participates in metabolic reactions
●● Serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities
●● Acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and, in pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus in the womb
●● Aids in the regulation of normal body temperature, as the evaporation of sweat from the skin removes excess heat from the body
●● Maintains blood volume

Question 2

What do cells direct the movement of to control the movement of water?

Answer 2

Minerals

Question 3

What are electrolyte solutions and how are they formed?

Answer 3

When a mineral salt dissolves in water it separates into ions. The ions are called electrolytes, and they help with the conduction of electricity. The solution that contains them are called electrolyte solutions

Question 4

Do you have the same number of anions (-ve) and cations (+ve) in an electrolyte solution?

Answer 4

Yes. If a fluid contains 1,000 -ve charges it must also contain 1,000 +ve charges. However there can be different types of ions. If an anion enters a fluid, so must a cation, or another anion has to leave.Therefore whenever sodium (Na+) leaves a cell potassium ions (K+) enter. In fact whenever Na+ & K= ions are moving they’re generally going in opp directions

Question 5

Which electrolytes reside primarily outside the cells and which within?

Answer 5

o/s sodium and chlorid i/s potassium, magnesium, phosphate and sulphate. Cell membranes are sleectively permeable meaning they allow the passage of some molecules but not others

Question 6

What happens when an electrolyte moves across a cell membrane?

Answer 6

Water follows (towards the more concentrated solutes), whether the ion is +v or -ve - OSMOSIS. -ve ions follow +ve and water flows towards the more concentrated solution

Question 7

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 7

the amount of water needed to prevent the movement of water across a membrane

Question 8

What is the role of proteins in the movement of ions in the cell membranes?

Answer 8

They help transport them, for example a protein that helps regulate the flow of ions and fluids in and out of the cells is the Na= K= pump.

Question 9

How do the kidneys affects the movement of water?

Answer 9

They reabsorb needed substances and water and excrete in urine waster with some water

Question 10

What hormones instruct the kidney to retain or release substances/ water?

Answer 10

ADH, renin, angiotensin and aldosterone

Question 11

What is ADH and what does it do?

Answer 11

If blood volume or pressure falls too low, ADH stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and also triggers thirst

Question 12

What does renin do?

Answer 12

If blood volume or pressure falls too low, kidneys release renin which triggers the release of aldosterone which causes the kidneys to reaborb soium and therefore water. It also hydolyses a protein from the liver caleld angiotensin to angiotensin I which can then be converted to angio II. Angio II is a powerful vasoconstrictor narrow the diameter of blood vessels and raising blood pressure

Question 13

What does Aldosterone do and how is it realeased?

Answer 13

Angio II stimulates it’s release from the adrenal glands , signalling the kidneys to retain more sodium. So aldosterone does similar to renin, but renin also causes release … of angio II which as well as vaso stimulates release of aldoesterone\

Question 14

The body uses ions to maintain fluid base and electrolyte balance. What else does it use them for?

Answer 14

Regulate acidity (pH) of it’s fluids (determined by concentration of Hydrogen (H-) ions)

Question 15

What 3 systems defend the body against fluctuations in pH?

Answer 15

blood buffers, respiration in the lungs and excretion in the kidneys

Question 16

How do blood buffers work?

Answer 16

bicarbonate (a base) and carbonic acid (an acid) act as buffers, substances that can neutralise acids or bases

Question 17

How do the lungs helps maintain the pH balance?

Answer 17

If too much bicarbonate builds up respiration slows, CO2 is retained and forms more carbonic acid and vice versa

Question 18

And the kidneys, how do they help maintain the pH balance?

Answer 18

By either reabsorbing or excreting bicarbonate

Question 19

How much urine does the body ‘need’ to excrete per day to remove waste products?

Answer 19

500ml, if the person consume any more than this this is also excreted as urine

Question 20

What are the 4 main sources of water loss and roughly how much do they equate to daily?

Answer 20

Urine, exhalation, sweat, faeces - 2.2ltr. Recommended daily intake for M 3.4l/ day and F 2.8l/ day (check urine)

Question 21

During heavy sweating what should fluid intake be limited to/

Answer 21

1 - 1.5 ltr per hour

Question 22

How does the body obtain water?

Answer 22

Through drinking (70 to 80%) and eating, and also through metabolism

Question 23

What’s the difference between major and trace minerals?

Answer 23

Major minerals are found in large quantities in the body (>5g), while trace minerals are found in small quantities.

Question 24

What happens to minerals chemical identity when exposed to heat, air, acid or mixing?

Answer 24

Nothing but they can be lost when they leach into water

Question 25

What are the chief functions of SODIUM, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 25

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite. Edema, acute hypertension. Table salt, soy sauce; moderate amounts in meats, milks, breads, and vegetables; large amounts in processed foods

Question 26

What are the chief functions of CHLORIDE, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 26

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion. Do not occur under normal circumstances Vomiting Table salt, soy sauce; moderate amounts in meats, milks, eggs; large amounts in processed foods

Question 27

What are the chief functions of POTASSIUM, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 27

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; facilitates many reactions; supports cell integrity; assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions. Irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, glucose intolerance Muscular weakness; vomiting; if injected into a vein, can stop the heart All whole foods; meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes

Question 28

What are the chief functions of CALCIUM, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 28

Mineralization of bones and teeth; also involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting, and blood pressure. Stunted growth in children; bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults Constipation; increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction; interference with absorption of other minerals Milk and milk products, small fish (with bones), tofu, greens (bok choy, broccoli, chard), legumes

Question 29

What are the chief functions of PHOSPHOROUS, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 29

Mineralization of bones and teeth; part of every cell; important in genetic material, part of phospholipids, used in energy transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance. Muscular weakness, bone pain Calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys All animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk)

Question 30

What are the chief functions of MAGNESIUM, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 30

Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system. Weakness; confusion; if extreme, convulsions, bizarre muscle movements (especially of eye and face muscles), hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing; in children, growth failureb From nonfood sources only; diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate, cocoa

Question 31

What are the chief functions of SULFATE, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 31

As part of proteins, stabilizes their shape by forming disulfide bridges; part of the vitamins biotin and thiamin and the hormone insulin. None known; protein deficiency would occur first Toxicity would occur only if sulfur- containing amino acids were eaten in excess; this (in animals) suppresses growth All protein-containing foods (meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts)

Question 32

What are the chief functions of IRON, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 32

Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood; part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction; necessary for energy metabolism. Anemia: weakness, fatigue, head- aches; impaired work performance; impaired immunity; pale skin, nail beds, mucous membranes, and palm creases; concave nails; inability to regulate body temperature; pica GI distress; iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ damage Red meats, fish, poultry, shell- fish, eggs, legumes, dried fruits

Question 33

What are the chief functions of ZINC, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 33

Part of insulin and many enzymes; involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and normal fetal development. Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies Protein-containing foods: red meats, fish, shellfish, poultry, whole grains; fortified cereals

Question 34

What are the chief functions of IODINE, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 34

A component of the thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, develop- ment, and metabolic rate. Underactive thyroid gland, goiter, mental and physical retardation (cretinism) Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter Iodized salt; seafood; plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants

Question 35

What are the chief functions of SELENIUM, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 35

Part of an enzyme that defends against oxidation; regulates thyroid hormone. Associated with Keshan disease Nail and hair brittleness and loss; fatigue, irritability, and nervous system disorders, skin rash, garlic breath odor Seafoods, organ meats; other meats, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables (depending on soil content)

Question 36

What are the chief functions of COPPER, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 36

Helps form hemoglobin; part of several enzymes. Anemia, bone abnormalities Liver damage Seafood, nuts, legumes, whole grains, seeds

Question 37

What are the chief functions of MANGANESE, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 37

Cofactor for several enzymes; bone formation. Rare Nervous symptom disorders Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea

Question 38

What are the chief functions of FLOURIDE, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 38

Maintains health of bones and teeth; confers decay resistance on teeth. Susceptibility to tooth decay Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration) of teeth Drinking water (if fluoridated), tea, seafood

Question 39

What are the chief functions of CHROMIUM, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 39

Enhances insulin action, may improve glucose intolerance. Diabetes-like condition None reported Meats (liver), whole grains, brewer’s yeast

Question 40

What are the chief functions of MOLYBDENUM, symptons if you’re deficient, symptoms of toxicity, and foods that provides significant sources of?

Answer 40

Cofactor for several enzymes. Unknown None reported Legumes, cereals, nuts

Question 41

What are the benefits of a high fibre diet?

Answer 41

• May offer some protection from heart disease and stroke
• Enhance the health of the GI tract, which can then block the
absorption of unwanted particles
• May protect against colon cancer by removing potential cancer- causing agents from the body
• Helps with weight control and the risk of Type 2 diabetes

Question 42

How much fibre do you need?

Answer 42

approx. 25(F)–30(M) g a day

Question 43

What is the difference b/w soluble and insoluble fibre?

Answer 43

• Soluble fibre dissolves in water, forms gels and is easily fermented in the colon.
• Insoluble fibre does not dissolve in water, does not form gels and is not readily fermented.

Question 44

What is the relationship between resistant starches, phytic acid and fibre?

Answer 44

• Resistant starches are also classified as fibre.
• They resist digestion, and are commonly found in legumes, raw potatoes and unripe
bananas.
• Phytic acid, although not classified as a fibre, is found in the same foods.
• It is implicated in binding minerals, preventing absorption.

Question 45

Can you overconsume fibre and if so what happens?

Answer 45

• Excessive amounts may cause abdominal discomfort and inhibit
absorption

Question 46

What are the short term effects of alcohol?

Answer 46

• lowered inhibitions
• interpersonal conflict
• falls and accidents
• altered behaviour – including risky or violent behaviour
• hangover
• alcohol poisoning

Question 47

What are the long term effects of alcohol?

Answer 47

Possible addiction; LT cognitive impairment; mental health conditions; crime; violence; social dysfunction; accidents; liver disease; CV disease; diabetes; cancer

Question 48

What are the 3 guidelines for alcohol consumption?

Answer 48

1. Drink no more than 10 standard drinks a week, and no more than 4 a day; 2. U18 should NOT drink; 3. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should NOT drink to prevent harm to their unborn child or baby