w5; bacterial resp. infections Flashcards by amilah yaqoob

Name the symptoms of diphtheria

bulls neck (swollen lymph)
sore throat
tracheal obstruct- pseudomembrane = asphyxiation (2ndary) & acute inflamm.
heart 7 kidney damage
low grade fever (~37 ?)

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Is diphtheria in the URT or LRT and where is it common

URT ; developing countries

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Recall 3 ways to treat diphtheria

antibiotics (penicillin/erythromycin) ; horse antitoxin (from horses binds to protein) ; tracheomy (severe cases)

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By what means can diphtheria be prevented

DPT toxoid vaccine

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What 3 conditions does the DPT toxoid vaccine work against

diphtheria; pertussis ; tetanus

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what leading pathogen causes diphtheria

corynebacterium diphtheriae

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Describe the properties of corynebacterium diptheriae

g+ rods ; with characterised bulbs ; non motile ; non sporulating ; non encapsulated

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How does corynebacterium d. induce infection

prods. cytotoxic exotoxin > tissue necrosis @ site & acute inflamm ; pseudomem = asphyxiation

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What steps does the diphtheria toxin take that effects the cell (pp)

frag B + A ; frag b links toxin (a) & enters cell ; toxin cleaved by sulfhydryl donor
) (A)-(NAD) - toxin catalyses ADP moiety aka NAD binding to EF-2 & TRANSFER OF ADP

) EF2-NAD ; - EF2 ADP is ribosylated @ single aa terminal

= protein synthesis and pp chain growth ceased

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What is an alt name for pertussis

whooping cough caused by bordatella pertussis

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What is rhinitis ..

symptom of URT when virus rich fluid discharged into air and virus surface cells binds host molecules to spread via secretions on mucosal surfases to neighbours ; ater causes epithelial cell dmg & secretion of inflamm. mediators = cold

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Describe the properties of bordatella pertussis

g-ve aerobic coccobacilli (rounded rods)

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Name the common pathogens assoc. w whooping cough

bordetella pertussis ; parapertussis

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What method is used for lab diagnosis of whooping cough

DFA (direct flourescent antibody) nasopharyngeal swab staining & culture

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How often is lab testing done to diagnose whooping cough

rare ; distinct symptoms

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describe whooping cough

URT infection w severe dry whooping sound cough

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Recall atleast 5 of the many common symptoms of pertussis

fever - malaise - anorexia - rhinorrhea
sneezing - lacrimation - conjuctivitis - leukocytosis
dry cough - paroxysmal cough (violent cough w whoop or vomiting)

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Name 2 rare symptoms of whooping cough

cyanosis (o2 lack) ; seizures

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Name 4 diagnostic methods for pertussis inc. culturing of npg swabs on bordet-gengou medium

pcr
immunoflourescence (DFA)
serological methods ( immuno; bld samples)

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Epidemiology of Whooping cough

transmission: aerosol droplets from cough
primary resorvoirs: adults & adolescents (can pass to kids)

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A chest radiograph of a patient with whooping cough will show ________ ______________ & colllapse of right middle lobe

patchy consolidation ; fuzzy

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What vaccine can prevent whooping cough

dpt

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what treatment can be used for whooping cough

antibiotics (erythromycin/ezithromycin)

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What is pharyngitis

infection of pharynx (urt)

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What is the most common bacterial pathogen that causes pharyngitis

streptoccocus pyogenes (group A)

Can pharyngitis be caused by viruses and bacteria

yes

what are 2 unusual pathogens to cause pharyngitis

neisseria gonorrhoeae & corynebac.dtheriae

what is a streptococcus bacteria

string of coccus

What parts of the URT are affected by pharyngitis

around tongue, defensive ring of lymphoid tissue & tonsils (back of throat)

Where does rhinitis/ sinusitis occur

sinuses

what group of streptococcus pyogenes cause streptococcal tonsilitis

group A beta-hemolytic

what is the presentation of streptococcal tonsillitis

intense erythema of tonsils & creamy yellow exudate

How is pharyngitis diagnosed in labs

rapid strep screening / culture

What antibiotics can treat tonsillitis

penicillin or amoxicillin

what is a procedure for chronic tonsillitis treatment

tonsillectomy (repeated tonsillitis --- constant overreaction = chronic) ; recently trying to not remove cos need lymphs

common bacterial pathogens for sinusitis

streptoccocus pneumoniae & haemophilus influenzae (not flu assoc.)

less common bacteria for sinusitis

streptococc. pyogenes ; moraxella catarrhalis ; staph. aureus

sinusitis symptoms

purulent nasal discharge ; face pain

lab diagnosis of sinusitis

culture from sinus puncture material & aspirates ; x-rays and CT reliable indicators of inf

are nasal secretions reliable as culture sources

no ; nose full of bacteria and breathe in so unclear source

treatment of sinusitis

empiric - give antibiotics for what they think is source of inf cos specimens difficult to obtain

2 complications of sinusitis

inf. spread to adj sites & anaerobic inf

what is the structure epiglottis and what does it do

fleshy structure @ trachea opening ; protects airway from aspiration during swallowing

pathogen of epiglottis is..

h influenzae type b

direct smear and culture w swab is used to diagnose which URT

epiglottitis

treatment for epiglottitis

incubation to clear airways (stick pipe in hole to open EG) & cetriaxone or chloramphenicol

what is epiglottitis

URT causes EG swelling

symptoms of epiglottitis

painful swallowing and swollen tongue

LRT infections

lower resp tract infections

Describe Bronchitis symptoms

Hypersecretions of mucous in bronchi & prolonged cough

Most common pathogens of bronchitis

URTs

Most common bacteria cause bronchitis

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ; Clostridium Pneumoniae & Bordatella Pertussis

Features assoc. w Bronchitis

winter - peaks ; cough & fever - cough prod. later in illness

Can bronchitis be found in radiographic findings

No X ray cant cos bronchus is narrow - resolution not enough

2 lab diagnosis methods for bronchitis

gram stain & culture

What type of treatment is given for bronchitis

Empiric ; depends on which pathogen

Describe acute bronchitis

inflamm. condition of tracheobronchial tree usually form infection

Name some causative agents of acute bronchitis

URT agents- rhinoviruses and coronaviruses LRT pathogens - influenza viruses , adenoviruses & mycoplasma pneumoniae 2ndary inf from streptoccocus p.ae & H influenzae can play role in pathogenesis

Clinical manifestations of Pneumonia

Alveoli inflamed and flooded w fluid , breathing difficulties

what is bronchiolitis & what does infection involve

childhood disease <2 yrs ; bronchioles have v fine bore that if lining cells inflme passage to alveoli restricted. Inf = necrosis of epithelial lining of bronchioles > peribronchial infiltration can spread into lungs = intersitial pneumonia.

75% of _________________ presentatiom is caused by RSV infection

bronchiolitis ; rest by viral etiology (para)influenza viruses and human metapneumovirus)

What is RSV and who is it affecting

Resp. synctial virus infection - typical paramyxovirus w 2 major strains - grp A & B ; droplet transmission mainly infants ; RSV RNA detected in throat swab specimen and ribavirin is indicated for severe disease

What is the most common cause of infection-related death in EU & UK referred to as 'old persons friend"

pneumonia - caused by wide range of MOs

What is consolidation

fluid build up i.e in alveoli during pneumonia causes apnea and low o2 saturation cos fluid stops o2 absorptionn in alveoli

Is bacterial pneumonia more common in kids or adults

adults

children normally suffer from which origin of pneumonia

viral or bacterial 2ndary to viral resp infection

Why is viral pneumonia ^common in kids

neonates can develop interstitial p.ae from Chalmydia.trachomatis acquired from mums microbiome at birth

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of which LRT infction

pneumonia ; esp in sweden depends on country tho as haemophilus influenzae is most in denmark but still high in sweden

How is pneumococcal lobar pneumonia diagnosed in X-Rays

alveoli filled sacs are visible (red pic) consolidated with NpHs and fibrin

What is pneumococcal lobar pneumonia

Mycoplasma bronchopneumonia shows what in an x ray

patchy consolidation in areas of both lungs to show localised infection

what is mycoplasma bronchopneumonia

Interstitial pneumonia due to influenza virus shows oathy consolidation on tissues between ____

ribs

Intersitial Pneumonia is

Lung abscess is seen in x-ray

by abscess cavity in lower lobe of right lung

Where can pneumonia be acq.

both hosp and comm

3 methods to diagnostic tools for pneumonia

x-rays , sputum exam and serology

Bacterial pNEUMONIA is treated with...

antibiotics

pneumonia treatment depends on

cause

comm acq. risk factors for pneumonia (chart on slide)

alcoholics , underlying resp disease , occupational exposure or travel/animal

hospital acq. risk factors for pneumonia

HIV positive ; immunocomp e.g post organ transplant ; underlying condition req. ventilation = gram -ve bacteria cause

chronic pneumonia

empyema

localised extension of lung infection bw lung and chest wall (needs drainage) common pathogens..