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Y1 NMS sem1 Anatomy > W5 Aatomy And Histology Of Bone Cartilage And Ossification > Flashcards

W5 Aatomy And Histology Of Bone Cartilage And Ossification Flashcards

1
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Avascular connective tissue

Consists of cells and extracellular matrix (fibres and ground substance)

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2
Q

What does avascular mean for the cartilage?

A

It has no nerve supply or lymphatic drainage. Nutrition is by diffusion.

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3
Q

What is cartilage surrounded by?

A

Perichondrium (except articular cartilage and fibrocartilage)

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4
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Tensile strength to provide a firm structural support for soft tissues, allowing flexibility without distortion and is resilient to compression.

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrous

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6
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Covers articular surfaces, synovial joints, nasal septum, trachea, larynx etc

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7
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Collagen type II
Many chondrocytes
Perichondrium

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8
Q

Why are there no fibres in the hyaline cartilage?

A

The matrix is homogeneous. The matrix and fibres have the same retractive index so do not appear separate, leaving a glassy appearance.

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9
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Has many chondrocytes
Has a perichondrium
ECM has fine elastic fibres

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10
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A

External ear, epiglottis

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11
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

Type I collagen fibres
Few chondrocytes
No perichondrium

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12
Q

Where is fibrocartikage found?

A

TMJ, intervertebral disc

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13
Q

Describe the outer and inner layer of the perichondrium

A

Outer layer - dense vascular connective tissue

Inner layer - chondrogenic = stem cells which give rise to new chondroblasts

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14
Q

Function of the perichondrium

A

Protection, nutrition, repair

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15
Q

Which cartilages have perichondrium and which don’t?

A

Articular cartilage and fibrocartilage are not lined by perichondrium but hyaline and elastic are.

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16
Q

What types of cells are found in cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts - synthesis the matrix. Enlarge the cartilage by both interstitial and appositional growth.
Chondrocytes - mature cartilage cells, enclosed in lacunae (maintain the matrix)

17
Q

What does the matrix of cartilage contain?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (chonrdoitin sulfate) and fibres (collagen or elastic)

18
Q

What is the function of the matrix of cartilage?

A

Allows diffusion and acts as a semirigid shock absorber.

19
Q

What are the roles of bone?

A

Haemopoiesis, reservoir for calcium and minerals

20
Q

What is the bone covered by?

A

Periosteum except articular surfaces.

21
Q

Why is the bone matrix highly vascularised?

A

To aid diffusion in the calcified matrix

22
Q

What do the organic and inorganic components of the bone matrix do?

A

Organic components resist tension

Mineral components resist compression

23
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cell?

A

Osteoblasts, osteogenic, osteoclasts, osteocyte

24
Q

What is the initial bone matrix called and what secretes it?

A

Osteoblasts secrete components of the initial matrix = osteoid (before it becomes mature, consists of the inorganic component)

25
Q

What are the osteoid components?

A

Type I collagen, osteocalcin (a protein), which then vines calcium and phosphate ions forming hydroxyapatite crystals

26
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

They are enclosed within lacunae and maintain the matrix. They detect mechanical stresses on bone. They maintain communication with adjacent cells via a network of long dendritic processes (pass through canaliculi radiating from each lacuna.

27
Q

How does bone grow?

A

Interstitial growth: bone grows in length and height - important in growing age
Apositional: growth in bone girth/width - important in fractures and repairs
New bone is deposited and old bone is degraded

28
Q

How is bone repaired, e.g., after fracture? (Min 37 zoom)

A
  1. Hematoma - accumulation of blood
  2. Hematoma replaced by a fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms and blood vessels start to revascularise
  3. A hard (bony) callus forms (woven bone) after a few days
  4. Eventually the bone is remodelled to lamellar bone
29
Q

What do PTH and calcitonin do?

A

PTH decreases blood calcium levels and calcitonin increases blood calcium levels.

Y1 NMS sem1 Anatomy (11 decks)

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