W5 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the significance of Burton et al 1976

A

Environment as a hazard - came back into the context of global environmental change

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2
Q

Why did adaptation not emerge in the UNFCC negoations in 1960s or the Kyoto rule book

A

idea that adapatation was somehting that happened naturally and did not require planning

more about concentrated sources and how to control them ie. ozone layer

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3
Q

When was an adapation fund includes?

A

Marrakesh Accords to the Kyoto protocol - 2001

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4
Q

What are the three spheres of thinking around adaptation

A

Adaptation science = techno-focused adaptation like infrastructure services

adaptation practice = nature based solutions like ecosystem based adaptation

adaptation policy = adaptation as development

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5
Q

What are some examples of adaptation coming up in policy?

A

2013 Bali Action Plan under UNFCC - includes an adaptation pillar

loss and damage negotiations

Paris agreement 2016 - adaptation goal

global adaptation commission and global centre on adaptation

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6
Q

What has been established in the liteature andin the IPCC 4th assessment>

A

sustainable development can reduce vulnerability - link to adaptation

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7
Q

What is the reality of adaptation?

A
  • identifying adaptation at a given moment is nearly impossible
  • all responses are not adaptation
  • adaptation processes are location-specific
  • adpation for one group can mean increased vulnerability for another - trade-offs and maladptation
  • adaptation that only addresses climate change impacts will not be sustainable - it must fit into the larger context and be about more than just climate change
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8
Q

What is meant by the larger context?

A

Climate systems are changing around us and impacting humans and systems

but there is also the rest of life - impacts are not caused solely by climate change but also a number of other factors happening or made worse by cc

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9
Q

How do you generate climate resilient development?

A
  1. stop emitting ghg
  2. work hard to achieve sustainable development
  3. development needs to be low carbon and also integrate climate risk like adaptation
  4. this results in climate resilient development

need to ensure that these are not competing bt complementary

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10
Q

What is Adaptation not?

A
  • a list of engineering adjustments to buildings or roads
  • a reaction to cc impacts, but must go deeper to address why people are affected in the first place - eg. poverty, ethniticty, political beliefs
  • limited to activities under the UNFCC - which mostly deal with finances - it is about an overall sustainable development approach
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11
Q

What are the two kinds of vulnerability identified by O’Brine et al 2007?

A

Outcome and contextual vulnerability

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12
Q

What is outcome vulnerability?

A

CC –> exposure unit –> responses –> outcome vulnerability

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13
Q

What is contextual vulnerability

A

The wider context of political and institutional structures and putting pressure and influencing the responses to cc
eg. infrastructure

idea of institutional and biophysical pressures on responses

insufficient to just look at the impacts of CC

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14
Q

What is the pressure and release model

A

Idea that there is the global hazard like drought or heat that contribute to a disaster but there is also the vulnerability side

eg. political marginalisation, ethnical marginalisation

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15
Q

what is maladaptation?

A

refers to the an intiative (policy, plan or project) initially designed for adaptation but that in fact has adverse effects either on the socio-ecological systems in which it is developed or on another one or both

  • it is a process that directly results in increased vulnerability to climate variability and change and/or undermines capacities or opportunities for present and future adaptation

can be from not responding at all

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16
Q

How does the IPCC WG II, 2001 define maladaptation?

A

“Any changes in natural or human systems that inadvertently increase vulnerability to climatic stimuli; an adaptation that does not succeed in reducing vulnerability but increases it instead”

17
Q

Why is maladpation trendy now?

A
  • more emprical evidence through the many projects

global goal of measuring adaption - pressure to identify successful adaption –> requires an understanding of how to avoid maladaptation

18
Q

What are the three uses and definitions of maladaptation?

A
  • Rebounding vulnerability - vulnerability returns in the same or different form
  • Shifting/redistributing vulnerability - others become more vulnerable
  • Creating negative externalities - new problems, not necessarily linked with increasing vulnerability to cc
19
Q

Can you speak to infrastructural maladaptation?

A
  • encourages people to live close to a barrier because they feel safer - when it fails it means that those people are the most exposed - moral hazard
20
Q

Can you speak to behavioural maladaptation?

A

Much more based on individual decisions

Ghana - farming communities struggling with CC - temporarily migrate to cash jobs - diversified incomes and reduce pressure on food in the village but labour shortage - insufficient to collect good harvests

21
Q

Why does maladaptation happen?

A
  1. shallow understanding of what drives vulnerability in specific locations in project design
  2. not involving local people in design and implementation
  3. retrofitting adaptation into existing development projects that are not new and different
22
Q

What are some key lessons from maladaptation?

A
  • multiple actors are involved in doing adaptation
  • power imbalances
  • perceptions of inequity that causes vulnerability to cc through badly designed adaptation strategies
  • difference in understanding of what adaptation and adaptation success matter
23
Q

What is the challenge around technocratic perspectives?

A

obscure the social dimensions of vulnerability - suggest that quick fixes are possible

24
Q

What is the issue with incremental change

A

Incremental adaptation is generally insufficient to trigger the change we need but most of adaptation is incremental