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Psychology and Psychiatry of the Mind > W5) 10) Intelligence > Flashcards

W5) 10) Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is intelligence?

A

A general ability to understand and use information, and to think logically.

To be able to form mental representations or models of how we understand our surroundings and the world

to remember them and to be able to draw meaning from them

Eg. In some cultures, story telling is very important.

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2
Q

What are some theories of intelligence?

A

Natural intelligence doesn’t depend on prior education…

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3
Q

What is General intelligence (g)?

A

Crystallised intelligence = ability to use learned knowledge. Accumulated.

Fluid intelligence = abstract reasoning, problem solving etc - doesn’t depend on prior knowledge.

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4
Q

What are the different types of intelligence?

A

Modern theories - Howard Gardner (1983)
Multiple intelligences - potentials
rather than a general underlying intelligence

Linguistic
Musical
Logical / mathematical
Spatial
Bodily- kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal

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5
Q

What are the different intelligence tests?

A

Valid & reliable psychological tests

Performance on intellectual tasks: - correlates with performance on other tasks - is stable over time

Consistency between tests infers an underlying level of general intelligence - g factor

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6
Q

What is IQ?

A
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7
Q

What are some examples of intelligence tests?

A
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8
Q

What is verbal reasoning tasks?

A
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9
Q

What does it mean for IQ to be on a bell curve?

A
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10
Q

When is there a concern?

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11
Q

What are the most commonly used IQ tests?

A

Weschsler tests: One to one basis - labour intensive and time consuming. Some may not be able to concentrate for that long, so there is an abreviated version. There is also a primary and preschool version. Standardised tests. 11 subtests. 6 verbal and 5 performance tests. Dyslexia…

Raven’s Progressive = Non-verbal tests. 60 of those matrix questions, formal exam setting. Doesn’t depend on language skills. Not limited by sensory probelms aside from visual.

Cattell’s culture fair tests….

NAtional adult reading tests = being able to read and pronounce the difficult words -not immediately apparent. 50 different words. Helpful for predicting premorbid intelligence. Level of intelligence prior to developing the injury.

Dementia rating scale = useful in progression disease.

Bayley scales of infant and toddler development - about the age of 2.

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12
Q

What are the extraneous influences on IQ test scores?

A

There are factors to consider while doing the tests - factors that would cause issues that would impact the results.

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13
Q

What are the gender differences in IQ scores

A

Test scoring designed to reduce any sex differences
mean 100 – artefact of test construction.

However, we know males are better at performance tasks, females are better at verbal tasks

Greater variation in males scores – more variation more males at extreme ends.
Females scores tend to cluster around mean

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14
Q

How does IQ change over time?

A
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15
Q

What was the Scottish Mental Survey in 1932?

A

There is a real link between intelligence and health.

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16
Q

What did the CAT tests and GCSEs show?

A
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17
Q

What does a high IQ associate with?

A
18
Q

What are the clinical uses of IQ tests?

A
19
Q

What is the difference between learning difficulty and learning disability?

A
20
Q

Clinical use of IQ tests after traumas?

A
21
Q

H

How can you use IQ to test for disease progression?

A

And assess the children’s milestones.

22
Q

What is the nature vs nurture theories?

A
23
Q

What do the studies about heritability show?

A

Strong correlation between genetic factors and IQ. Maternal IQ is a good predictor.

24
Q

What are environmental and social influences on intelligence?

A

Childhood nutrition

Education

Health and infection

Socio economic factors

Exposure to stress in childhood

Exposure to environmental toxins

Exposure to certain drugs

25
Q

How does nutrition impact brain development?

A

Malnutrition of mother in early pregnancy – low birthweight

Prolonged malnutrition in childhood

Under nourishment in childhood – free school dinners in UK, breakfast clubs

Dietary deficiencies in certain micronutrients during childhood e.g. iodine & iron

Breast feeding & intelligence – research evidence for breast fed children having higher IQ than bottle fed children is weak, however women with higher IQs are more likely to breast feed.

26
Q

How does education and intelligence relate?

A

Correlation between general intelligence and educational achievement 0.81 (Deary et al, 2007 Intelligence. 35 (1): 13–21)

Years of education - more years of education is associated with higher IQ but children with higher IQ tend to stay in school longer. Children who start school late or leave early have lower IQs
Children’s IQ is decreased during summer holidays

Parental income and parental education are predictors of childhood intelligence – material resources & educational nurturing parent-child interactions (Noble KG et al, 2015)

27
Q

How does general health infections link to intelligence?

A

Lower intelligence is associated with increased likelihood of some cancers, CVD, respiratory disease, and higher mortality

Close correlation between the infectious disease burden in a country and the average IQ of its population- “Evidence suggests that infectious disease is a primary cause of the global variation in human intelligence” (Eppig et al, 2010)

Fighting infection reduces children’s IQ potential as it requires a very high proportion of the body’s energy in new borns & children to sustain immune response.
Example: Malaria – high prevalence 300 to 500 million cases per year, mostly children - causes short & long term cognitive deficits
Other examples: meningitis, cytomegalovirus, rubella

28
Q

How does socioeconomic status link to IQ?

A

children’s IQ scores are correlated with parental SES
children’s IQ scores are correlated with parental education
Parental SES predicts socioeconomic & career success
Intelligence predicts academic success

‘Children from low SES backgrounds on average perform worse on intelligence tests.’(Von Stumm & Plomin 2015 Intell 48:30-36)

SES is associated with brain development and structure. Lower SES is associated with poorer neuro cognitive function such as language, self-regulation, memory and socio-emotional processing

Turkheimer et al (2003) Psychological Science

Large study analysing IQ scores of 7-year-old twins in USA. Many living near or below the poverty level.

Impoverished families - 60% of the variance in IQ was accounted for by the shared environment, and the contribution of genes was close to zero.

Affluent families - the result was almost exactly the reverse.

29
Q

How does stress link to intelligence?

A

Deprivation and neglect have a negative impact on intellectual development

Stress in utero may lead to epigenetic changes influencing coping, anxiety and mental health

Exposure to domestic violence is associated with lower school grades and IQ . Trauma related stress associated with IQ 7.5 points lower. Reading decrement of 9.8 points in young children

Neighbourhood risk related to lower school grades

Impact of parenting styles

30
Q

How does exposure to environmental toxins link to IQ?

A

Certain toxins are well-known causes of neuro-developmental disorders and impact on intelligence

Even slightly elevated lead levels around the age of 24 months are associated with intellectual and academic performance deficits at
age 10 years (McMichael et al (1988) NEJM 319:468-475; Baghurst et al (1992) NEJM 327:1279-1284)

Air pollution affects cognitive performance in verbal and maths tests (more pronounced with age) and short term memory, increased risk of brain inflammation and neurodegenerative changes, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
(Zhang et a al, 2018, PNAS); Calderon Garcidueñas et al, 2015)

Elimination of lead in paint in 1960s and petrol in UK in 2000

Mercury – usually associated with eating fish – causes reduced IQ and memory

31
Q

How does exposure to substances impact IQ?

A

Alcohol: Heavy to moderate alcohol consumption can damage the brain and impair cognitive function over time. Heavy drinking is linked to memory problems and dementia. One of the most preventable causes of intellectual disability is feotal alcohol syndrome caused by exposure to alcohol during pregnancy. No safe limit. In UK, DoH advise abstinence during pregnancy.

Tobacco – no evidence for biological association but lower IQ is associated with cigarette smoking behaviour (Weisser et al, Addiction. 2010 Feb;105(2):358-63)

Substance misuse: Most substances that are misused have a detrimental impact on IQ if exposure occurs in utero. People with higher childhood IQ more likely to take illegal drugs including cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, ketamine etc by age of 30. Women were twice as likely to haverecently usedcannabisor cocainethan their counterparts with lower IQs.
(White et al 2012 J Epidemiol Community Health;66:767-774)

Prescribed medication - sodium valproate, thalidomide, Benadryl

Nootropics or smart drugs - ? improve cognitive performance

32
Q

What is the Flynn Effect?

A

Intelligence is increasing over time…
Education, technology, access to health

33
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A
34
Q

Is emotional intelligence an entitity on its own or is it part of generalised intelligence?

A
35
Q

What is the Maye and Salovey Ability Model?

A
36
Q

What are the 4 elements Salovey and Mayer used to describe the model?

A
37
Q

What are the citisisms of the ability model?

A
38
Q

What is the Mixed Model?

A
39
Q

5 inter-related emptional and social competencies

A

Including the ability to:
Be aware of emotions, understand and express them
Understand how others feel and interact with them
To manage and control emotions
To manage change, adapt to and solve personal/ interpersonal problems
To generate positive affect to enhance self-motivation, in order to facilitate emotionally and socially intelligent behaviour.

40
Q

What are the Goleman’s 5 competencies in the mixed model used in schools?

A

Evidence for SEL School programmes such as RULER and PATHS:
better academic performance
improves school climate
increases students’ emotional intelligence and social skills
decreases anxiety and depression
Students are less likely to bully other students
Students have better leadership skills and attention
Teachers have better relationships with students, less burnout, better relationships with admin, more positive about teaching

41
Q

What does the Trait Model of EI show?

A

Defined as an individual’s self-perceptions of their emotional abilities.
EI encompasses behavioral dispositions and self-perceived abilities.
a distinct compound construct and a constellation of emotional self-perceptions located at the lower levels of personality hierarchies.
EI should be investigated within a personality structure.
Concerns emotion-related dispositions and self-perceptions,& it is best measured via self-report.
Measured using Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) typical behaviors in emotion-relevant situations as well as self-rated abilities rather than maximal performance.

42
Q

What is a high score in the trail model of EI indicative of?

A

lower risk for mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety.
higher extraversion, social competence and enhanced emotion regulation abilities
using problem-focused rather than avoidance coping strategies
appraising situations as challenging rather than threatening
a recurring resilience in response to life stressors
being more creative
Thinking and acting in ways that encourage positive and discourage negative emotional experiences

Psychology and Psychiatry of the Mind (14 decks)

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