W3: The Future of Psychology Flashcards

Question

what is meant by "double dipping" in science?

Answer 1

practice in science in which journals make money both by journal subscriptions and by article fees for open access

Answer 2

scientific journal that gives the impression of being genuine (peer-reviewed, with mechanisms of error control, promise of longevity) without adhering to the standards; tries to lure scientists to pay APCs for very limited service

Answer 3

- the problems have already been known for a long time - editors and reviewers only introduce some small changes - even w data storage & preregistration, psychologists continue to make the same research mistakes

Answer 4

type of research article that is evaluated by scientific journals before the data are collected; goal is to make the evaluation independent of the obtained results and solely dependent on the research question, the research design, and the proposed analyses

Answer 5

data analysis that deviates from the traditional hypothesis testing with p-values; estimates the relative probabilities of Ho and Ha; is hoped to correct existing misunderstandings of statistics

Answer 6

the moral obligation of a scientific journal to publish a failure to replicate a finding previously published in the journal

Answer 7

a programme to check for stats errors resutls showed that 50% of papers contained errors

Answer 8

a crisis of confidence in psych research, cus many published findings cannot be repeated if studies are rerun, questioning the reliability of scientific findings arose cus psychologists and doctors published very bold cliams so ppl examined the results after 2010

Answer 9

- misinterpreting statistical signficance as proof that the Ha is true - publication bias making it difficult for unsuccessful replications to be published (file drawer problem & issue w conceptual replications that are only published when they reinforce the original finding) - use of QRPs

Answer 10

issue that the scientific literature badly represents the research done cus experiments that dont find significant differences are less likely to get published

Answer 11

replication in which an effect is investigated differently from the original study pro: is good to examine the generality of a finding con: can magnify biases in scientific lit if combined with file drawer problem

Answer 12

science practice where all relevant information is made easily available, so that other researchers can check the findings and integrate them in their own research

Answer 13

in science is a location where data and analysis programs are stored, so that others can retrieve them (typically on the internet)

Answer 14

* Open Data: so anybody can assess the evidence * Open Materials: so anybody can replicate the study * Preregistration: So that a posterori tinkering with analyses becomes visible

Answer 15

Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable data Transparency and Openness Promotion guidelines

Answer 16

Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) guidelines: list of criteria written by advocates of open science describing the extent to which journals adhere to the standards of open and reproducible science 1. Citation standards 2. Data transparency 3. Analytic methods transparency 4. Research methods transparency 5. Design and analysis transparency 6. Preregistration of studies 7. Preregistration of analysis plans 8. Replication

Answer 17

reanalysis of existing data to address new research questions

Answer 18

collection and use of large datasets for secondary data analysis

Answer 19

tried to replicate psych phenomena bad news: some flashy findings didnt replicate good news: other findings do replicate well

Answer 20

aims to -accelerate cumulative reliable knowledge - counter WEIRDness through diversity - rapidly employ huge distributed studies to evaluate research findings

Answer 21

- Increased bureaucracy and more work for researchers - Most data are never downloaded, many preregistrations aren’t adhered to, badges aren’t checked - Too much focus on replication, not enough on creativity - Its expensive and can compound inequalities - Not always feasible or desirable - Some approaches may decline (e.g. field studies, qualitative research)

Answer 22

research methods based on quantifiable data and associated with the hypothetico-deductive model

Answer 23

- there is an outside reality that can be discovered - science aims to find universal causal relationships - we try to avoid confounds & noise in data by controlling circumstances of study - the researcher is a source of bias & noise, thus standardized measurements and instruments are necessary - progress happens through falsification

Answer 24

descriptive relational experimental

Answer 25

- type of quantitative research method - focus on observation & carefully monitoring the situation - trying to express variables in numbers - usually involves a few measures from a large group of participatns

Answer 26

- searching for correlations between measures to establish whether there is a relation between them - humans cannot intuitevly detect correlations reliably and may even perceive illusory correlations - use of factor analysis to find the structure in datasets with many variables

Answer 27

- searching for cause-effect relationships by excluding confounding variables (but the more u exclude, the more artifical ur research) - experiments often not possible - only suspected causes should be manipulated, everything else should remain constant

Answer 28

top to bottom (with bottom having less credibility) 1. meta analysis 2. randomized controlled studies 3. follow up studies 4. case control studies 5. cross sectional surveys 6. case reports

Answer 29

variable that was not taken into account in the study and that may be the origin of the effect observed

Answer 30

ideographic approach: the conclusions of a study stay limited to the phenomenon under study QUALITATIVE nomothetic approach: a study is run in search of universal principles that exceed the confines of the study QUANTITATIVE

Answer 31

data collection: - semi structured interviews - focus groups then transcribed in one of 3 ways: - grounded theory - interpretative phenomonological analysis (IPA) - discourse analysis

Answer 32

the view that the rise and fall of scientific ideas follow Darwinian principles of random variation and natural selectoin so the criterion determining whether an idea will survive may be whether society at large finds the idea interesting and useful

Answer 33

requirement in qualitative research to look at a phenomenon with an open mind and to free oneself from preconceptions

Answer 34

the convinction that you cannot know what you cannot measure

Answer 35

- lends itself well for statistical analyses of large datasets - can produce precise predictions that can be tested - makes comparison (between groups or subjects) possible/easier. - easier to investigate confounds and validity threats

Answer 36

– little interest in the perception of participants – research limited by what is measurable – better suited to testing general theories than to finding solutions for specific situations so If you don't have a well-developed theory yet, quantitative methods aren’t as helpful

Answer 37

- both try to "discovering" reality - focus on revealing causal relationships - experimental & correlational research - research is designed nomothetically (in order to generalize) - ppl are considered more or less interchangeable (most stats approaches have this as an assumption)

Answer 38

Qualitative research!

Answer 39

- participant observation, semi-structured interviews - the researcher is the crucial measurement tool - result: experiences of the researcher and/or interview transcripts - aim: to understand the subjective experience of the individual

Answer 40

- as a method in psych - as a separate field that you cannot combine w quantitative research, different "paradigms" since they have different assumptions, methods, etc.

Answer 41

-qualitative research method - for systematically finding patterns of meaning (themes) across a data set - the pattern one is interested in should be the answer to a particular research question - compatible w different philosophical pov, depending on intention of the researcher

Answer 42

1. Becoming familiar with the data. 2. Generating initial codes (highlighting text and anotating it to find common points across transcripts) 3. Searching for themes. 4. Reviewing themes (quality control). 5. Defining and naming themes. 6. Writing the report.

Answer 43

- systematic analysis to build a theory about a specific problem - qualitative research method - Based on structured and semi-structured interviews, the researcher writes a problem analysis: – What is going on? – With what kind of problems are my participants dealing? – How do they try to solve these problems? - Strongly inductive

Answer 44

- tries to capture ppl's subjective experiences - what is it like for them to be in a certain position? - the interpretative ability of the researcher then acts as a "measuring instrument"

Answer 45

– direct involvement with situation – generates theories and enables exploration – responsive to the needs of participants

Answer 46

– Less suitable for demonstrating general laws – little room for precise predictions/falsification – less suitable for deciding between theories – largely based on introspection/subjective evaluation

Answer 47

- helps generate theories - helps us go from general laws to applied cases - well suited for quickly mapping out complex situations BUT the subjecivity of qualitative is bad for the goal of quantitative

Answer 48

no! cus in this vthey aim for something fundamentally different qualitative: study subjectivity & experiences in real life context

Answer 49

1. that Qualitative and quantitative provide the same kind of understanding: quantitative about correlations and causality in general populations, qualitative about the individual subjective experience 2. that Qualitative research is a first exploration: no its a full stand alone method 3. that Qualitative research is purely inductive: no they also have prior research and prior ideas, it doesnt start from nothing 4. that Qualitative research is the same as quantitative psychology but w/o numbers: theyre different

Answer 50

- it has its own epistemological stance, its own legitimate means of gaining knowledge -> so it enough in its own right - its not just a first stage of quantitative research - answers different kinds of questions than quantitative

Answer 51

- The researcher’s contribution to interpreting the data is its strength: researchers should be subjective - The research does not need to be replicable - Objectivity is not the goal, there is not ‘truth’, reality is a construction - So, methodological criteria that are based on the idea of an underlying existing truth, miss the point!

Answer 52

criteria for quantitative psych: - Validity * Reliability * Replicability * Transparency * Generalizability * Objectivity (e.g. doubleblindedness) criteria for qualitative psych: - Rigour * Sensitivity to context * Coherence * Commitment * Impact & importance * Reflexivity

Answer 53

movement that views - The traditional quantitative approach is unsuitable for grasping the richness of the human mind & experience - Quantitative approach explains, hermeneutics tries to understand

Answer 54

- extension of the qualitative approach - 20th century movement that tried to develop amethodology focused on interpreting qualia, consciousness etc. - Verstehen vs. Erklären

Answer 55

understanding vs explaining, what should the role of psychology be? understanding: encourages a deeper comprehension of the social world by considering the subjective meanings that people give to their actions. the fundamental task of psych is not to explain behaviour but to understand ppls actions and motives. not the behaviour itself, but its meaning, should be central

Answer 56

- says that knowledge is a social construct - say that science/psych transforms reality, so maybe science is independent of the reality it studies? instead of passively describing it - consequence: theories should not be judged on truth but on ability to generate action, to transform our life - so they deny possibility & necessity of striving for objectivity and truth - so according to them, we as researchers contribute to what is "true"

Answer 57

social constructionism (science constructs reality) + those who say that the work of kuhn shows that science is irrational in other words there is no truth, theories are just stories about how the world works

Answer 58

rejects trust in science and tech

Answer 59

he found that there is no objective reality, everything is context dependent & relative -> so theres no absolute truth so pro postmodern science, independent of objective truth -> BUT IT WAS A HOAX he does think theres an objective truth, and thinks that our job as scientistis is to discover these truths -> did this to show the political consequences of a relativist view (if u can deny the existence of truth, then what about genocide? did that not happen?)

Answer 60

1. Systematicity and cumulativeness of knowledge: research should build on previous research and avoid previous pitfalls, by being made public. 2. Use of well-defined methods 3. Clarity; so all researchers interpret them the same way. 4. Prediction: theories should allow for predictions to be made based on it. 5. Knowledge is revisable: new findings should be allowed to alter previous theories in order to generate new paradigms.

Answer 61

I do think psychology is a science. Science relies on the scientific method for its qualification as a science, and since psychology follows this method, it should be granted the status of science. It is subject to verification as well as falsification in the way that the science is conducted (all theories and predictions made need to be formulated in a way that allows for falsification, and the findings must be verifiable). Moreover, psychological knowledge is cumulative (as can be seen in the use of previous research to build the foundation of new research) and is published systematically thus allowing all psychologists to read each other’s research. The methods used in empirical psychological research are subject to much revision and discussion but are well-defined in most papers. Psychological papers are written in a clear manner and include theories that allow for predictions to be made on the findings. Lastly, psychological knowledge is revisable, as there is constantly new theories being formulated and research being done.

Answer 62

Ideally, psychology as a science would involve replicable experiments, but since its subject is humans and we are all unique, it makes replicability quite hard. Important factors in making psychology as a discipline as scientific as possible is preregistration and peer reviewing. Moreover, I think increased collaborations could allow for further progress in the field.

Answer 63

1. The individual subjective reality is the only one that matters. 2. Attempts to control the situation’s circumstances makes the research “useless” in a way because it is artificially changed and not realistic. 3. Immersion of the researcher in the situation is essential for the understanding of the psychological situation. 4. Ideographic approach: they dont try to generalize their research’s findings to other situations. 5.prioritize Induction over deduction, seeing the complete situation with an open mind (also called bracketing). 6. Qualitative research is still evidence-based. Data collection and analysis are still very important in this field.

Answer 64

A semi-structured interview is an interview in which the interviewer uses a set of pre-written questions but can still use follow-up questions and speak freely outside of these main open-ended questions.

Answer 65

A focus group is a group of participants that discuss several questions relating to a topic together.

Answer 66

tries to see how we can learn about human interaction through the language they employ.

Answer 67

Wilhelm Wundt's Volkerpsychologie, envisioning 2 branches: one focused on lab study of basic psych functions, the other on higher psychological functions studied through methods similar to qualitative psych

Answer 68

tendency in psychology departments in the United States to dismiss qualitative work as "subjective," "anecdotal," or "unscientific."

Answer 69

estricts psychologists to a single method, the scientific method, leading to the acceptance of its assumptions and deformations without critical examination

Answer 70

used to emphasize the explicit acknowledgment of the qualitative researchers subjectivity

Answer 71

- external validity, as research is grounded in real life contexts - contextual validity, ensuring all relevant features of the social context are considered

Answer 72

especially in studies where data collection is not clearly delimited. Questions about the privacy, consent, and protection of groups or organizations studied

Answer 73

- doctors attempting to treat mild mental disorders with communication and hypnosis - appeared at the end of the 19th century - Freud

Answer 74

Pre WWI: psycholists largely excluded from treatment, they just administered psych tests and were subordinate to psychiatrists Post WWI: ppl wanted treatment for shell shock and mental health issues became increasingly important (clinical psych starts becoming a thing)

Answer 75

– the antipsychiatry movement – scientific research on the efficacy of psychotherapies – the fact that psychiatrists became more involved with the prescription of psychoactive drugs – the increase of social management and individualisation in society.

Answer 76

client centered therapy: solutions are looked for while the therapist listens and supports the client a good counseler: 1. shows unconditional positive regard 2. empathic understanding 3. congruence (genuine support & understanding, not just as a therapeutic technique)

Answer 77

application of psychological knowledge and research methods to solve practical problems -> impacts lots of ppls daily lives

Answer 78

branch of psychology applying psychological knowledge to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders

Answer 79

anxiety response on battlefield that prevents soldiers from functioning properly; was one of the first topics addressed by applied psychology

Answer 80

a pressure group started in the 1960s that called into question the usefulness of the prevailing psychiatric treatments (lobotomy, electric shocks)

Answer 81

1. Respecting the rights and dignities of patients 2. Hospitalization should be as short as possible and aimed at reintegration 3. Initiatives outside of the clinic have to be taken to prevent hospitalization

Answer 82

medicines prescribed for mental disorders

Answer 83

- increased role of social management, which clinical psych knowledge could help w - increased reliance on welfare state also led to the need of clinical psych who could manage it - generally there was an increased knowledge about psych in the pop

Answer 84

management and control of deviant individuals and individuals in need by official social services

Answer 85

socio-political system in which individuals insure themselves against setbacks via taxes, which are used by the state to provide welfare services

Answer 86

test to determine whether a person is who he/ she pretends to be and to ascertain guilt or innocence

Answer 87

test to find the best person for a task

Answer 88

tests to determine which condition a person has

Answer 89

1. Intent: tests are planned and given with a purpose, not randomly 2. Proxy indicator for some condition: not the performance on the test but what it says about something else matters 3. Status difference between test giver and taker

Answer 90

- validity - reliability

Answer 91

the degree to which the outcome of a test is the same if the test is repeated under unchanged circumstances or if an equivalent test is used

Answer 92

the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure; determined by correlating the test results with an external criterion

Answer 93

clinical impressions & unstructure interviews cus different test administrators judge applicants diffeerently & implicit personality theory

Answer 94

the idea that every person uses their own stereotypes and individuating information about a person to make predictions about others' behaviour explained some of the variance between types of applicants ppl chose

Answer 95

- structured interviews: interview in which all interviewees receive the same set of questions - standardized psychological tests: tests with good reliability and validity, information about expected performances, and which are administered uniformly - IQ tests: test supposed to measure intelligence; focus on learning potential. results correlate w school performance & suitability for intellectually demanding occupations - Achievement ests: standardized measures of knowledge on a given topic - Personality tests: meausre relatively stable & distinctive patterns of behaviour

Answer 96

example of a personality test to identify soldiers suspectible to shell shocks but did not take (face) validity and social desirability into account -> was later improved

Answer 97

estimating the validity of a test by estimating to what extent the items of the test agree with one’s own beliefs; is not evidence-based

Answer 98

bias people have to present themselves in a manner they think will be viewed favourably by others

Answer 99

that ppl differ based on basic personality traits (relatively stable characteristics used to interact w the environment) even in the non-pathological range most researchers believe in the Big Five, measured through self report (but catell defeneded 16 traits, and eyseneck 3)

Answer 100

the 5 personality traits many researchers believe to make up our personality Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism.

Answer 101

1. Increased individualization in society (more interest in how people differ and how they are unique) 2. More reliance on science-based evidence 3. Tests allow assessing and predicting human behavior

Answer 102

Due to industrialization, humans were seen as a link in production chain and industrial psychology attempted improving efficiency and motivation at workplace

Answer 103

first theory about how work should be organised; strongly influenced by Taylor’s scientific management

Answer 104

- split production into stages & find ways to speed it up - management was "thinking body" and employees the "acting body" of the company that would accept any work if paid enough - tasks had to be made simple so that everyone could do them without much practice - thought that w/o monitoring & rewarding, gangs would form who opposed productivity

Answer 105

- following Hawthorne plant studies & Hawthorne effect - by Mayo - in 1920s - second main theory of how work should be organised - stressed the humanity of the employees and the importance of social relations - thought that workers would work better if they velt valued & esteemed (as opposed to the previous focus on pay & physical environment)

Answer 106

if participants were aware that they are part of a study, they would act differently

Answer 107

- Scientific Management / Industrial Psych - Human Relations Movement (1920s) - Human Resource Management (1980s)

Answer 108

- 3rd main theory of how work should be organised - 1980s - stressed desire for self-actualization in employees - employees will perform best if given autonomy and authority - more intellectually demanding jobs replaced factory work & level of affluence increased among most employees

Answer 109

1. The story is too good not to be true 2. Writeres do not read the original sources 3. The underlying message is correct 4. The story benefits psychologists and management EXAMPLE OF PSEUDOHISTORY OF SCIENCE

Answer 110

text that looks like a history of science, but that contains systematic errors because of a desire to present the research as more impressive and important than it was and to depict the scientist as a genius who has to battle against the lack of understanding and appreciation by the peers

Answer 111

- romanticism - flawless personalities - monumental, single handed discoveries - "eureka" type insight - absence of any error - general oversimplification or idealization - context is missing (culutural, social, scientific...)

Answer 112

- foundation of psych as an academic discipline was legitimised on 2 pillars: long respectful past (philosophy) & uses the scientific method - science is defined by its method rather than by its subject matter: and psych is defined as the study of the human mind using the scientific method - the scientific method has not let psychologists down and is fully integrated in mainstream psych research - strong relationships to other sciences

Answer 113

lack of shared and generally accepted theories due to a focus on methodology & publication bia towards novel and innovative findings

Answer 114

1. Science builds on previous knowledge and new knowledge should be made public 2. The methods used in a scientific field must be agreed-upon by the researchers in the field 3. Clarity so there is no room for interpretations 4. Scientific theories should enable predictions about the future 5. Knowledge must be accepted as revisable, as new findings can later lead to new theories

Answer 115

- little overlap between the stereotypical view of a scientist and the stereotypical view of a psychologist - less psychologist researchers than psychology practitioners (latter are less interested in research, more in intuition) - unlike scientific results, psych findings are easy to understand (so ppl think they have as much knowledge about psych issues as psychologists or that they can keep up w psych research) - not all psychologists are convinced of the added value of the scienitific method (hermenetuic)

Answer 116

scientist: - male - difficult - not creative or varied - no social skills - obsessive psychologist - emphatetic & helpful - abnormal behaviour - easier than natural sciences - shrink stereotype w couch therapy

Answer 117

- dithley: thought that psych was a mental science not a natural one - psychoanalysis & related schools: valued unconscious processes - humanistic psych: emphasized humanity of ppl - neglect of individual differences in scientific psych - research methods govern research questions - psych has been confined too long to white western males (led to feminist & postcolonial psych) - the scientific approach to psych is not as objective & universally valid as ppl claim it to be - critical psychology

Answer 118

1. it deals with the content of the human mind 2. it describes the human experience in its totality (including cognition, emotion, and volition) 3. it sees a persons life within its ocntext 4. only the method of understanding can study the full human experience (levels of understanding)

Answer 119

1. elementary understanding: for simpler problems in life 2. empathy: for reexperiencing others' experiences 3. hermeneutic understanding: through which an observed person is better understood than they understand themselves

Answer 120

cus it tried to understand the content of the human mind through interpretation on the basis of the psychoanalytic theories

Answer 121

→ Carl Jung (personal vs collective unconscious) → Alfred Adler (inferiority complex) → Erik Erikson (new psychosocial crises in various development stages) → John Bowlby (attachment theory) ⇒ later more emphasis based on the functioning of the ego (ego psychology) and one’s relations to others and time (object relations)

Answer 122

- reaction against psychoanalysis & behaviourism - stressed that people are human, inherently positive, endowed with free will and living within a socio-cultural context - therapist tries to understand the client & share their experiences without interpretation

Answer 123

movement in psychology aimed at understanding women; is particularly concerned with the way in which women are treated in mainstream psychology

Answer 124

movement in psychology addressing the issues of racism and the ways in which dominant groups treat other groups

Answer 125

movement in psychology that criticises mainstream psychology. its points: 1. knowledge does not refer to an outside reality (idealism>realism). all knowledge is relative dependening on context 2. scientific knowledge is a social construct 3. psychologists have a moral responsibility cus the world changes with its impact

Answer 126

term used by Bornstein to indicate how the scientific & hermeneutic approach in psych have influenced each other without the proponents being aware of it

Answer 127

- focus on celebrating achievements in psych - tainted w hindsight bia, thus emphasizing the important aspects more - generally history can be written in many ways so every history is just a version of the story

Answer 128

→ investigate the assumptions giving rise to current psychology → try to understand the historica & social context → be done by independent historians and be detached and critical towards the field (so that they have no vested interested)

W3: The Future of Psychology Flashcards

L11, L12, PA 6, Marecek Article, Ch 8, Ch 10, Ch 11, Ch 12