W3: The first two years: INFANT Flashcards
TODAY’S DISCUSSION
Physical
Sensory
Perceptual
Cognitive
Sensorimotor
Language
Social
Personality
Physical changes
first-year
-grow 25-30cm
-triple body weight
Physical: the brain
2 year-olds have proportionately larger heads as they need to hold their nearly full-sized brain
synaptogenesis
(creation of synapses) - is followed by a period of synaptic pruning(the process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions.) to make the nervous system more efficient
-(think of pruning as a throwing all the bad prunes Husein left out on the counter to make space for the good ones…the more important ones)
neuroplasticity
the brain’s ability to reorganize neural pathways and connections
myelinization
myelin gradually covers individual axons and electrically insulates them from one another- improving conductivity
-the abillity to think and process (so infants can learn on things)
REFLEXES
(1)Adaptive
-sucking-helps newborns survive (if cant suck they cant eat)
-some adaptive reflexes persist throughout life
-sucking on bottle to sucking on thumb to sucking on stripper’s tits
(2)Primitive reflexes
🧠
-controlled by primitive parts of the brain
-disappear by about 6 months (think of wooly mammoth (6) since it is extinct
REFLEXES
(1)Rooting
👄🌱🏔
a soft touch on the cheek will cause an infant to turn toward the touch and open the mouth - disappears by about 3 months
-think of roots (touch venus fly trap and then it will open its mouth)
REFLEXES
(2)Babinski
🦶🏼😂
stroking the sole of the foot causes the infants toes to fan out and up - disappears by about 12 months (think of helsinki getting hit in the face by a dozen of eggs)
-think of helsinki when he was a baby nirobi would tickle his feet and his toes fan out and up and he would laugh
REFLEXES
(5)Moro📢,🧨🏗⭐️
sudden noise or loss of support causes the infant to arch the back and throw the arms and legs out and then bring them back in
- disappears after 4-5 months (there are 4 words in moro and 5 points on a star)
Why the Moro reflex?👶🏼🛎👧⛑
It is hypothesized that it is to help the baby cling to the mother (safety reflex)
Behavioural States
😳
-neonates 80
-8 through night
-6 14
-consciousness:patterns of sleep/wakefulness STABILIZE with age
- neonates(0-28 days) sleep 80% of the time
-by 8 weeks, babies will begin to sleep through the night
-by 6 months, babies are sleeping about 14 hours a day
CRIES
basic cry=h
angry cry=l,i
pain cry= v a o
-mountain
CRIES
basic cry= hunger (I’m basically hungry -rhythmic)
anger cry=louder and more intense
pain cry= very abrupt onset
prompt attention to crying in the first 3 months leads to less crying later ( also think of 3 since there are three cries bap
Motor Development
1 Month
-(one space to another)locomotor:🦿
-(body stays in the same place but rotates either the horizontal or vertical axis) non-locomotor:💆♂️🥕👀
(deals w hands) manipulative: 🎾 👋
locomotor: stepping reflex
non-locomotor: lifts head slightly and follows objects with eyes
manipulative: holds object if placed in hand (wont really grab
2-3 Months
locomotor
non-locomotor: s⦝
manipulative:💳
locomotor: stepping reflex (same as 1 month)
non-locomotor: lifts head up to 90 degrees when lying on stomach staring at duck on pyramid
manipulative: holds object if placed in hand (swipe at objects in sight such as duck and triangle based pyramid)
4-6 months ▪️🐘
-locomotor - 🐶🪑🦞(lil ski song)
-non-locomotor-💆♂️🐘🪑
-manipulation-🎾👋🏿🧑🏿🦱
-locomotor - rolls over, sits with support, moves on hands and knees (creeps)
-non-locomotor-holds head erect while in sitting position
-manipulation- reaching and grasping for objects
7-9 Months ( drill(7)+ 2 screws)
-locomotor - 🪑🧨🏗
-non-locomotor-
-manipulation-🤚🔨✋
-locomotor - sits with no support
-non-locomotor-💆♂️🐘🪑 same as 4-6 months
-manipulation-transfer object from one hand to another
10-12 Months (fork and plate (10) dozen of eggs (12)
-locomotor🛌🦍🐒….🦍…
-non-locomotor: sq+st🐒,✋🍰
-manipulative:🥄✊🏻,poor🎯
-locomotor: pulls self up and walks grasping furniture- then walks alone
-non-locomotor: squats and stoops, plays patty cake
-manipulative: shows some signs of hand preference, grasps a spoon but has poor aim when moving to mouth
13-18 Months (tities (13) dick (18)
-locomotor:🚶♂️<->b,s,r (to th
-non-locomotor:🎾👏
-manipulative:⬛️🥡🦖
🟦
-locomotor-walks backwards, sideways and runs (14-20 mos)
-non-locomotor: Rolls ball, claps
-manipulative: stack blocks, putting things in container and emptying them out
19-24 Months (golf and insigne)
-locomotor - 📈📉🚶♂️2f/s for b
-non-locomotor - 🐸
-manipulative - 🥄✊🏻,🟦
⬛️
⬛️
⬛️
-locomotor - walks up and down stairs (two feet per step) for balance
-non-locomotor - jumps with both feet off ground
-manipulative - uses spoon to feed self, stacks 4-10 blocks (apparently Italy is stacked)
Universal
-virtually ___ children follow the ____ sequence of motor development
-_______ ____ children just follow at a slower pace
virtually all children follow the same sequence of motor development-
developmentally delayed children just follow at a slower pace
GIRLS
girls ahead in motor skills in infancy and specifically manipulative
-think of no how to motor(move) man (penis)
BOYS
have more developmental delays (like double d tits)
typically more active (tity fucking a girl)
BREAST IS BEST
–breastmilk is the best form of infant ______;
- breastfeeding should be done for the first ______ months up to ______(for antibody transport-immune support)
-breastfed babies are ___ ____ to suffer from common illnesses as it stimulates better ____ _____
-mother-infant ______ appear to be _____ if ____-___ babies are given the same maternal attention
-Some women are not comfortable they may have inverted nipples (they should say fed is best)
-who recommendations are universal
–breastmilk is the best form of infant nutrition;
- breastfeeding should be done for the first 4-6 months up to 2yrs (
-breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from common illnesses as it stimulates better immune functioning
-mother-infant social interactions appear to be identical if formula-fed babies are given the same maternal attention (breast can be. one way to achieve bonding but can acheive it with formula as well)
-Some women are not comfortable they may have inverted nipples
–who recommendations are universal
Breast feeding can be natural and painful
NATURAL:
PAIN:
NATURAL:the narrative around breastfeeding is that it is natural and it does not hurt
PAIN: the reality - which researchers are trying to encourage health care professionals to acknowledge- is that it can be painful- typically for the first two weeks with the pain then subsiding can lead to(cracked, bleeding nipples, blocked milk ducks)
-they are leaving it as natural because they dont want women to be discouraged to breast feed
-if it was really a fear of pain then we would not be here (CHILD BIRTH HURTS MORE)
infant mortality has been declining:
___/1000 in 1901 to _/1000 in 2006
because of
134/1000 in 1901 to 5/1000 in 2006
-precision medicine
-ensuring there are trained professionals
-understanding of labour delivery
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
-SIDS is the leading cause of death between __ days and _ year of age
-SIDS is when the infant appears ‘healthy’ but than suddenly dies usually during night time
-unclear why this happens but with advanced technologies and precision medicine, we can find more info about it
-to reduce the risk of SIDS:
-SIDS is the leading cause of death between 29 days and 1 year of age
-SIDS is when the infant appears ‘healthy’ but than suddenly dies usually during night time
-unclear why this happens but with advanced technologies and precision medicine, we can find more info about it
to reduce the risk of SIDS
- back to bed campaign(, no bedding, sleeping on hard surfaces, sleep near parents for the first 6 months, smoke free environment
Co-sleeping
North America
-
Asia Europe etc.
-
North America
-generally frowned upon- risk factor of SIDs
Asia, Europe, etc
-the normative practice ( many cultures continue to practice until 3️⃣ years of age) because etC- is the 3rd letter of the alphabet
Sensory what are the 3 categories
Vivid hawk touch moth smells taste it
1:vision/hearing
2: Touch/motion
3: Smell/ Taste
SENSORY
1. Vision/Hearing
-Poor at first but develops rapidly (start to see grey)
-Newborns hear nearly as well as adults
-Infants can locate the direction of some sound at birth 
SENSORY
2(Touch/Motion)
Best developed of all senses
SENSORY:
3. Smell/Taste
-Smell has nearly unlimited variations 
-newborns react different to each basic taste at birth
Perceptual Skill
The two L’s
Looking: Babies scan for dark/light contrast (faces are not uniquely interesting to infants- but prefer mothers face)
-<think of black and white king but don’t find their faces uniquely interesting they prefer moms face (queens card)
Listening:
-by 1 month they can discriminate between single syllables 1:1 (i)
-6 months two syllable words (6:2) (s)
- 3 months recognize sounds regardless who says it
Perceptual skills
6months- 📢🇰🇷🇪🇸🇵🇹
1 year-📢🇵🇹
At 6 months infants can distinguish sound contrasts in any language
By 1 year old, this ability fades and is limited to the sound contrasts by their native language
COGNITIVE
PIAGET- SENSORIMOTOR: infants use information from their sense and motor actions to learn about the world
BY 18-24 months…
Cognitive skills changes over the First 2 years and are highly consistent across environments
BY 18-24 months: infant has the beginnings of mental representation (think of mental like metal kobe)
Sensorimotor
SIX STAGES
1🐇🦝
2
-PCR
-A o b s a b p t✊🎧👀
-b o c o s f d s
-b s h n l b a t r o o t b
3
-SCR
- b b m a o e o h o b
-I m o
-b t u o p
4
- c o s s
-I m-e b
-b g a w t a I I a m c 2 s (m p t r y)
5
-TCR
-‘e’ b🧪
- I t 🆕 w o p w o m o
6.
-b o m r🧠
- d o t u o s t r o o e
- t c u t t s I s f t o
1.
0-1 month
Reflexes
2.
1-4 months
-Primary circular reactions
-Accommodation of basic schemes as baby practises them-grasping, listening, looking
-beginning of coordination of schemes from different senses
-baby still has not linked body actions to results outside of this body
3.
4-8 months
-secondary circular reactions
- baby becomes more aware of events outside his own body
-imitation may occur
-beginning to understand of object permanence
4.
8-12 months
-coordination of secondary schemes
-intentional means-end behaviour
-baby goes after what they are interested in and may combine two schemes (move pillow to reach you)
5.
12-18 months
-Tertiary circular reactions
-‘experimentation’ begins
-infant tries new ways of playing with or manipulating objects
6.
18-24 months
- begging of mental representation
- development of the use of symbols to represent objects or events
- the child understands that the symbol is separate from the object
Language
2-3:
4-5:
6:
8-9:
12 months
12-18 months
18-20 months
Langauge
2-3: smiling and cooing
4-5: vowel and consonants
6:babbles, utters phonems all language
12
- expressive language emerges, says single words
12-18
-uses word gesture combination with variation in intonation
-(holophrases- word and gesture to form thought)
18-20
-uses two word sentences
-(telegraphic speech)- has expressive vocabulary of 100-200 words
What we know … Social/ Personality
Freud-Oral
Erickson - Trust vs Mistrust
AttachmEnT
-Emotional development tied to parent-infant relationship
-theory- View that the ability and need to form an attachment relationship early in life is a genetic characteristics of all humans
What are the four types of attachment?
S
A
A
D/D
Secure:
Avoidant:
Ambivalent
Disorganized/Disoriented
Four types of attachment
1
SECURE
-🤰
-📉😸, 😊🏈
- Mothers are sensitive to infants’ needs
-infants are less fussy and enjoy physical contact
Four types of attachment
2 Avoidance
-infant avoids physical contact with parent
-shows no preference for the parent over other people
3.Ambivalent
-🐜🗺
-😭🚪👧
-❌🤝👧🛬💺
-Little exploratory behaviour (e)
-greatly upset when separated from parent (v)
-not reassured by the parents return or comfort efforts (m)
4 Disorganized/Disoriented
-🤷♂️ /🍎🔫🎪 🏳️🌈 such as 👀🦵👧
- confused or apprehensive infant who shows contradictory behaviour such as moving toward parent while looking away
What are the 3 attachment characteristics?
E🥺, men❤️, mar👩❤️👨/💼
-emotional responsiveness
-mental health
-Marital status/ SES
Consequences of attachment
-📈🗣+🤝
-📈 ➕in🦁➡️👯♀️+👦👦👦👦
-😌👨✈️ in🔁 in🏫➕⛪️🏥
-📉🆑+👴 on 👩🏫
-📉🏉+🙋♂️
-more sociable and empathetic
-More positive in behaviour towards friends and siblings 
-emotionally mature in interactions in school and other settings outside the home
-less clinging and dependent on teachers
-less aggressive and disruptive
Empathy
Go over lecture
Personality
A 🏁 of 👨🏫 to 🙋♂️🙋🏿♂️+🅾️ in the 🏞
A pattern of responding to people and objects in the environment
Temperament
I🧬(🍺🧓🏾) such as 🏃♀️🍄 that form the 🧱 of 💁🏾♂️
Inborn predisposition such as activity level that form the foundations of personality
Temperament Dimensions
-🏃🏿♀️🍄(v🏋🏿♀️vs 🙆🏿♂️p)
-Approach➕☺️(🦵➡️🤹♀️)
-🔑(😧/🏃♂️🆕🐒precursor to🙈
-😔( 😡,😤,🙄📉😫haha don’t test my patients )
-🛂ec/✍️tp( 21 sf, manage a + e)
-Activity level ( Vigourous vs passive activity)
-Approach/positive emotionality (move toward new activities-positive emotion)
-Inhibition ( respond with fear or withdrawal to new situations- precursor to shyness)
-negative emotionality (Respond with anger, fussing, or irritability-low threshold for frustration)
-effort control/ task persistence (stay focused and manage attention and effort)
Stable
🛕👶🏼➡️👦
Temperament in infancy persists through childhood
Heredity
👯♀️📈🛕 than 👦🏻👦🏽
Identical twins are more alike in temperament than fraternal twins
Describe the six stages of sensoirmotor by piaget
