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BIOL241 > W3 L5 - Archosauromorphia > Flashcards

W3 L5 - Archosauromorphia Flashcards

1
Q

What orders belong to Archosauromorphias?

A

Crocodilia and Aves (Birds)

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2
Q

What are the different types of teeth Archosauromorphias can have?

A

Pleurodont: teeth on top of gums

Acrodont: teeth on top of gums, slightly into gums

Thecodont: teeth inside the gums completely

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3
Q

Order Crocodilia

A
  • Closest extant relatives of birds
  • Bony secondary palate
  • Thecodont (tooth sockets)
  • 4-chambered heart
  • Semi-erect posture
  • Gizzard
  • Pressure and chemo-receptors
  • Oviparous
  • Temperature-dependent sex determination
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4
Q

How did Crocodilia’s adapt to living in water?

A
  • Acute eyes raised on head
  • Raised nostrils and ears
  • Valves close ears and nose when diving
  • Webbed feet
  • Flap at back of mouth prevents water from getting in while they tear prey apart
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5
Q

Alligators and Caimans

A
  • Teeth fit into pits in the upper jaw
  • Dermal pressure receptors on jaws
  • 2 species of alligator: American and Chinese
  • 6 Caimans in South and Central America
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6
Q

Crocodiles

A
  • 16 species
  • Africa, Asia, Australia and Americas
  • Salt glands on tongue
  • Teeth do not slot into jaw
  • Dermal pressure receptors on all scales
  • Narrower jaw
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7
Q

Gharials

A
  • 2 species
  • India and Asia
  • Thin snouts; reduced weight, but light-weight for catching fish
  • “Ghara” = bulbous growth on male snout-tip; makes bubbles and resonant hum
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8
Q

Crocodile Heart

A

Has a Surface and Diving Mode

Surface:
- No mixing; complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- Cog-tooth-valve open

Diving:
- Low pressure in Pulmonary artery (to lung), so right ventricle pressure increases
- cog-tooth-valve closed
- Blood forced through left aortic valve into left aorta; blood mixes
- Possibly leads to low metabolism; extending dive period

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9
Q

Are dinosaurs apart of Archosauromorphias?

A

Yes, because their hip bones display a lizard-like or bird-like pattern

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10
Q

Class Aves

A
  • ~150 mya
  • ~10,000 species, >800 in Australia
  • Highly diverse in:
    • Diet, Locomotion, Habitat, and Appearance
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11
Q

Class Aves Defining Features

A
  • Respiration
  • Circulation
  • Metabolism/-thermy
  • Nitrogenous wastes
  • Hearing
  • Vision
  • Olfaction
  • Locomotion
  • Foraging
  • Reproduction
  • Predator Avoidance
  • Adaptations to extreme conditions
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12
Q

Class Aves, Breathing on Land

A
  • Highly efficient
  • One-way flow of air
  • Bi-pedal, upright posture to avoid respiration-locomotion conflict
  • Rib cage and muscles create negative pressure in the air sacs
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13
Q

How does Avian Unidirectional Flow of Respiration work?

A
  1. Fill posterior sacs
  2. Ventilate lung
  3. Fill anterior sacs
  4. Exhale
  • Picture 1 - 4 going around in a circle kind of *
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14
Q

Class Aves, Metabolism/-thermy

A
  • Endothermic
  • High MR + insulation
  • High Tb (38 - 42 C)
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15
Q

Class Aves, Nitrogenous Wastes

A

Act as uric acid
- Conserves H2O
- Insoluble waste product
- Pass little water in urine

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16
Q

Where did Avians get their evolution of flight from?

A

Theropod dinosaurs; clear evolutionary transition in fossil record

17
Q

Class Aves, Structural Form

A
  • Modified Diapsid skull
  • Reversed first toe
  • Digitigrade
  • Lightweight, streamlined and rigid structures for flight
18
Q

Class Aves, Bones

A
  • Hollow and lightweight
  • Caudal vertebrae fused to form a pygostyle
  • Wing with bone fusion; 3 fingers
  • ## Keel on sternum for flight muscles
19
Q

What are the basic feathers?

A

Plumaceous and Pennaceous

20
Q

Pennaceous Feathers

A
  • Barbs hook like velcro to form tight sheets
21
Q

Plumaceous Feathers

A
  • No barbs; soft and loose
22
Q

What are the six types of feathers?

A

Tail, Flight, Semiplume, Filoplume, Bristle, Downy

23
Q

What do each of the feathers do?

A
  • Tail and Flight: contour; large and stiff
  • Semiplumes: intermediate stiffness; thermal insulation and shape the body
  • Filoplumes: fine and hairlike; detect pressure and vibration, used to arrange other feathers
  • Bristles: stiff and hairlike; near bill, eyes, nostrils, toes; screen out foreign particles, act as tactile sense organ
  • Downy: entirely plumaceous; provides insulation for adults
24
Q

How do birds fly?

A

Use their wings to generate:
- Lift; to counter gravity
- Thrust; to overcome drag

25
Q

Class Aves Locomotion

A

Different feet structures for:
- Running (Ostrich)
- Walking (Kiwi)
- Climbing (Tree Creeper)
- Swimming (Penguin)
- Diving (Ganet)
- Climbing
- Seizing prey

25
Q

Class Aves Feet

A
  • Reflect lifestyle
  • Used in classification and identification
  • All derived from anisodactyl condition
25
Q

What is anisodactyl?

A

The hallux is behind and the other three toes are in front

26
Q

What are the types of bird feet?

A
  1. Anisodactyl: 2, 3, 4 forward; 1 backward
  2. Zygodactyl: 2, 3 forward; 1, 4 backward
  3. Heterodactyl: 3,4 forward; 2, 1 backward
  4. Syndactyl: 2-3 webbed, 4, forward; 1 backward
  5. Pamprodactyl: 2, 3 forward; 1, 4 can be both
27
Q

What are the types of webbing in birds?

A
  1. Palmate ➡ Anisodactyl foot, 2-3-4 webbed
  2. Totipalmate ➡ 1-2-3-4 webbed, 1 like thumb
  3. Semipalmate ➡ Anisodactyl foot, 2-3-4 webbed slightly
  4. Lobate ➡ Anisodactyl foot, individually webbed
28
Q

What are birds diets?

A

Foragers
- Herbivorous
- Granivorous
- Insectivorous
- Carnivorous
- Piscivorous
- Omnivorous

29
Q

What determines a birds diet?

A

Beak/bill structure

30
Q
A

BIOL241 (5 decks)

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