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BIOL241 > W2 L3b - Amphibians > Flashcards

W2 L3b - Amphibians Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three orders in the class Amphibia?

A
  1. Gymnophiona (Caecilians)
  2. Caudata (Salamanders)
  3. Anura (Frogs & Toads)
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2
Q

What era did the amphibians evolve during?

A

Triassic Era

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3
Q

In what order did each of the Amphibia orders evolve in?

A
  1. Caecilians
  2. Salamanders
  3. Frogs
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4
Q

What biodiversity hotpots are amphibians found in usually?

A

Tropical Climates

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5
Q

What are the defining features of amphibians?

A
  1. Four well-developed limbs
  2. 3-chambered heart
  3. Carnivorous
  4. Ectothermic
  5. Improved kidney -> Dilute urea in adults
  6. Unique features for hearing
  7. Altered vision
  8. Moist, permeable skin -> Respiration, Habitat restrictions, Predator avoidance
  9. Respiration through -> Gills (larvae) and Lungs (adults)
  10. Metamorphosis
  11. Reproduction highly variable -> Largely dependent on water
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6
Q

What aided amphibians in breathing on land?

A

The Buccal Pump

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7
Q

How did the Buccal Pump work?

A

While breathing in:
1. Nostrils opened, Buccal cavity expands
2. Nostrils close, Glottis opens, Buccal cavity contracts, Lungs expand

While breathing out:
1. Buccal cavity expands, Lungs contracts
2. Nostrils open, Glottis closes, Buccal cavity contracts

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8
Q

Order Gymnophiona (Caecilians)

A
  1. 181 species
  2. Highly derived
  3. Limbless; short, pointed tails
  4. Burrowing movements using annuli (rings)
  5. Fused skull parts give strength
  6. Protrusible eyes and tentacles (under eyes)
  7. Internal fertilization
  8. Parental care -> from mother’s skin
  9. Tiny scales
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9
Q

Order Caudata (Salamanders and Newts)

A
  1. 619 species
  2. Ancestral tetrapod body
  3. Forelimb and hindlimb equal
  4. Lateral undulations, alternate limb movements
  5. Tail retained post-metamorphosis
  6. Limb regeneration (autotomy)
  7. Internal/external fertilization: aquatic larvae/direct development (incl. ovoviviparity)
  8. Paedomorphosis common (keeping juvenile features)
  9. Varied reliance on water as adults
  10. Varied Respiration: many lack lungs
  11. Adaptations for hunting: hyoid bone, sticky tongue, vision
  12. Toxins
  13. Lack external ear
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10
Q

Order Anura (Frogs)

A
  1. 5,400 species
  2. Present on all continents except Antarctica
  3. Only amphibians native to Australia
  4. Varied modes of living: Terrestrial, Arboreal, and Aquatic
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11
Q

Describe Frog Locomotion

A
  1. Larvae swim (ancestral mode)
  2. Adults have specialized skeletons for jumping: hind limbs, pelvic girdle, vertebrae
  3. Three categories of locomotion: jumping, swimming, walking/climbing
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12
Q

In frogs, how do longer forelimbs and longer hindlimbs aid in locomotion?

A

Walking-jumping and Jumping

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13
Q

In frogs, how do longer forelimbs and shorter hindlimbs aid in locomotion?

A

Walking-hopping and hopping-burrowing

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14
Q

In frogs, how do shorter forelimbs and longer hindlimbs aid in locomotion?

A

Hopping and swimming

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15
Q

In frogs, how do shorter forelimbs and shorter hindlimbs aid in locomotion?

A

Walking-hopping-burrowing

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16
Q

What are the different ways frogs procure and process food?

A
  1. Aquatic larvae -> filter feeding herbivores
  2. Aquatic adults -> suction feed
  3. Semi-aquatic/Terrestrial Adults -> project tongue to catch moving prey; head size determines prey size; large, bulging eyes aid in swallowing; sticky spit!
17
Q

Describe Frog Reproduction

A
  1. Mating calls
    - structural vibration and amplification
  2. Mating Behavior
    - semaphoring in males to compete with each other
  3. Fertilization
    - Amplexis: male holds female around waist in a “mating hug”
  4. Lay eggs; highly variable
    - larvae (and other strategies)
18
Q

Do frogs have parental care, and if so, what are they?

A

Yes, body surface, skin pockets, vocal sacs, and stomach

19
Q

What goes on during a Frogs Metamorphosis?

A
  1. Tadpole structures broken down; chemical constituents rebuilt into structures of adults
  2. Period of supreme vulnerability to predators & parasites
  3. Loss of gills -> Lungs developed
  4. Hormonally (thyroid) controlled
20
Q

How do Frogs avoid predation?

A
  1. Camouflage/looking like other creatures
  2. Poison glands
  3. Bright/exotic colors
21
Q

How do Frogs deal with extremes?

A
  1. Freezing Frogs
    - Urea and glucose; reduce drying & stabilize cells
  2. Rain Frogs
    - Aestivation; prolonged torpor/dormancy during a hot or dry period
22
Q

Which suborder of Frogs represent 96% of total frog diversity?

A

Neobatrachia

22
Q

What are the 4 families of Neobatrachia Frogs we will study?

A
  1. Hylidae
  2. Bufonidae
  3. Dendrobatidae
  4. Ranidae
22
Q

How many families and species are in Neobatrachia?

A

17 Families and 5,000 species

23
Q

Hylidae Family

A
  • Tree frogs
  • Semi-aquatic, Terrestrial, Arboreal
  • Binocular vision
  • Pads (discs) on fingers, toes
  • Some webbing
  • Cyclorana: 12 spp., & Litoria: 57 spp.
24
Q

Ranidae Family

A
  • Only family under Phtanobatrachia (and Neo.)
  • True frogs
  • Wildest distribution
  • All continents except Antarctica
  • One species in Australia
  • Most live near or in water; some burrow
25
Q

Bufonidae Family

A
  • True toads
  • Warty; granular glands
  • Bufotoxins; parotid glands
26
Q

Dendrobatidae Family

A
  • Poison arrow frogs
  • 175 spp.
  • Central & South America
  • Aposematic coloring: alkaloid poisons
  • Strong parental care: nest guarding, tadpole transport and feeding
27
Q

Why are amphibians declining worldwide?

A

Habitat destruction, climate change, invasive species, disease, etc.

BIOL241 (5 decks)

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