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Physiology 214 > W3 L3 (Central Nervous System) > Flashcards

W3 L3 (Central Nervous System) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Nerve fibers that carry info to and from the CNS

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3
Q

What is the afferent division a part of and what does it do?

A

It is part of the PNS and it carries info TO THE CNS

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4
Q

What is the efferent division a part of and what does it do?

A

It is part of the PNS and it carries instructions FROM THE CNS to the effector organs

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5
Q

What is an effector organ?

A

The organ or gland that carries out the desired effect

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6
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the efferent division?

A
  1. Somatic

2. Autonomic

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7
Q

What do the somatic and autonomic nervous systems innervate respectively?

A

Somatic-Skeletal Muscle

Autonomic-Smooth, Cardiac, Glands

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8
Q

What neurons are in the somatic division?

A

Alpha motor neurons

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9
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic division?

A
  1. Parasympathetic

2. Sympathetic

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10
Q

What are afferent neurons and what division of the nervous system are they a part of?

A

Neurons which possess a sensory receptor at their peripheral ending and carry info to the CNS

They are part of the afferent division

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11
Q

What is a sensory receptor and where are they found?

A

It is the peripheral ending of an afferent neuron that is responsible for communicating stimuli to the CNS

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the afferent neuron

A

It is adjacent to the spinal cord and has no dendrites

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13
Q

What is a peripheral fiber and what is it also known as?

A

It is a fibre that connects the sensory receptor to the cell body, it is also known as an afferent axon

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14
Q

What is located between the spinal cord and the cell body?

A

The central axon

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15
Q

What are the relative sizes of the afferent axon and the central axon?

A

The afferent axon is much longer

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16
Q

What is an efferent neuron?

A

A neuron that carries info from the CNS to the effector organ

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17
Q

What is located between the Cell body and axon terminals in an efferent neuron?

A

The efferent fibre/axon

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18
Q

Where is the cell body of an afferent and efferent neuron located?

A

Efferent-In CNS

Afferent- In PNS

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19
Q

What are interneurons and what do they do?

A

Neurons that lie entirely within the central nervous system and are important for integrating peripheral responses to peripheral information as well as for the abstract phenomena associated with the “mind”

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20
Q

What type of neuron makes up 99% of all neurons?

A

Interneurons

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21
Q

What are interneurons a bridge between?

A

Afferent and Efferent neurons because they relay signals from one to actions of another

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22
Q

What is the neural axis?

A

The longitudinal axis of the CNS

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23
Q

What does the neural axis do during development?

A

It bends 90 degrees to accommodate our upright posture

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24
Q

What cross sections are typically used in brain imaging?

A

Coronal (frontal) or horizontal (transverse)

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25
Q

Where are our ancient visual and auditory centers located?

A

The midbrain

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26
Q

What is cognition?

A

The process of knowing which includes awareness and judgment

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27
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Brainstem
  3. Forebrain
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28
Q

What are the 2 parts of the forebrain?

A
  1. Diencephalon

2. Cerebrum

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29
Q

What are the 2 parts of the diencephalon?

A
  1. Hypothalamus

2. Thalamus

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30
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Basal ganglia

2. Cerebral cortex

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31
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Sensory perception
  2. Voluntary movement control
  3. Language
  4. Personality Traite
  5. Thoughts
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32
Q

What is the main function of the basal nuclei?

A
  1. Movement
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33
Q

What is the main function of the thalamus?

A
  1. Relay station for synaptic input
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34
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Regulation of homeostatic functions ex. temp, bladder control, food intake etc.
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35
Q

What is persistive vegetative state?

A

Being awake but not aware

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36
Q

What parts of the brain are damaged and which ones continue when someone is in a vegetative state?

A

A vegetative state occurs when the cerebrum (the part of the brain that controls thought and behavior) no longer functions, but the hypothalamus and brain stem (the parts of the brain that control vital functions, such as sleep cycles, body temperature, breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and consciousness) continue to function.

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37
Q

What is the oldest region of the brain?

A

The brainstem

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38
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

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39
Q

What does the brainstem do and what systems does it control?

A

Controls many of life-sustaining aspects, often

referred to as “vegetative functions”. It controls the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems

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40
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Maintains proper position of the
body in space and subconscious coordination
of motor activity and tone; key role in learning
skilled motor tasks

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41
Q

Which part of the brain is more advanced with a more advanced species?

A

The cerebellum

42
Q

What structure is continuous with the brain stem?

A

The spinal cord

43
Q

What structure do spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord as?

A

Intervertebral foramina

44
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

A thick bundle of elongated nerve roots in the lower vertebral canal

45
Q

What connects a spinal nerve to the spinal cord?

A

The ventral and dorsal roots

46
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of peripheral neuronal axons enclosed by a

connective tissue covering and following the same pathway

47
Q

What is a bundle of axons called in the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS-Tract

PNS-Nerve

48
Q

Why is a spinal tap done at L3/L4?

A

It is a region containing CSF but is also below the ending of the spinal cord

49
Q

What is the tectum?

A

The ancient visual and auditory center in the midbrain

50
Q

How do nerves get elongated as we grow?

A

They pass through the vertebral formania and as our spinal column elongates they nerves get stretched

51
Q

What happens during MS?

A

We lose myelin

52
Q

What fibres are motor and which are sensory?

A

Sensory-Afferent

Motor-Efferent

53
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

A set of 4 interconnected cavities where CSF is produced

54
Q

How many spinal nerves are there and where do they end around?

A

31 pairs and around T12/L1

55
Q

What part of the brain is the cerebral cortex a part of?

A

The cerebrum

56
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

The brain’s superhighway made up of 300 million neuronal axons that connect the left and right hemispheres

57
Q

What is the cerebral cortex and what does it do?

A

The outer shell of grey matter in the cerebrum; it is the site of initiation of all voluntary motor output and final perceptual processing of all sensory input as well as integration of most higher neural activity

58
Q

What are the basal ganglia and where is it located?

A

It is a collection of gray matter located within the white matter

59
Q

What makes up the grey matter?

A

Tightly packed neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and glial cells

60
Q

What makes up white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

61
Q

What is the function of stellate cells?

A

Initial processing of sensory input to the cortex

62
Q

What is the function of pyramidal cells?

A

Control output of skeletal muscle

63
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobes?

A

To carry out the initial processing of visual input

64
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobes?

A

Initial sound sensation

65
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Receiving and processing sensory information

66
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  1. Voluntary motor activity
  2. Speaking ability
  3. Elaboration of thought.
67
Q

What does white matter of the spinal cord do?

A

Carry info to the brain

68
Q

What are somaesthetic sensations?

A

Awareness of sensory input such as:

  1. Touch
  2. Pressure
  3. Temperature
  4. Pain
69
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

Right behind the central sulcus at the front of each parietal lobe

70
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex?

A

The site of initial cortical processing and perception of somaesthetic input as well as proprioceptive input

71
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The awareness of body position

72
Q

What is located in front of the central sulcus?

A

The primary motor cortex

73
Q

What is the difference between the thalamus and somatosensory cortex?

A

Thalamus tells you something is different while the somatosensory cortex locates the stimuli and processes the intensity

74
Q

What is the path from a sensor in the body or face to the brain

A

Body:
Dorsal root ganglia–>Spinal cord—>brainstem——>thalamus—>somatic sensory cortex

Face:
Trigeminal ganglia–>brainstem—>thalamus—–>somatic sensory cortex

75
Q

What cranial nerves connect the brainstem to the head?

A

CN 3- CN 12

76
Q

What mass of the brain is the cerebrum?

A

80%, it is also the most highly developed in humans and is the most complex integrating part of the brain

77
Q

Describe the color of the cerebral cortex

A

The cerebral cortex is grey matter; the core is

white matter

78
Q

How many layers of gray matter are there in the cerebral cortex?

A

6

79
Q

What takes place in the gray matter of the cortex?

A

Integration of neural input and initiation of neural output

80
Q

What does white matter in the cortex do?

A

Interconnects areas of the brain

81
Q

What general regions are sight, auditory, motor, and somatosensory located in

A

Auditory-Sides
Sight-Back
Somatosensory-Back of sulcus
Motor-Front of sulcus

82
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located and what is it responsible for?

A

It is found behind the central sulcus and is responsible for voluntary motor output

83
Q

What cells are found in abundance in the motor cortex?

A

Pyramidal cell neurons

84
Q

What side of the body do the somatosensory and motor cortexs control?

A

The opposites

85
Q

What parts of the brain control involuntary skeletal muscle control?

A

Lower parts of the brain and the spinal cord

86
Q

What is the readiness potential?

A

The widespread pattern of neuronal discharge that occurs before the motor cortex fires

87
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The ability of the brain to change or be functionally remodeled due to the pressures placed on it

88
Q

What does motor program mean?

A

The three higher motor areas of the cortex and the cerebellum carry out different, related functions that are all important in programming and coordinating complex movements involving simultaneous contraction of many muscles. Signals transmitted through efferent and afferent pathways allow the central nervous system to anticipate and plan movement

89
Q

What does the supplementary motor area do?

A

It plays a preparatory role in movements involving both sides of the body (ex.both feet)

90
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A

Works in coordination with motor cortex (a few mm anterior of the primary motor cortex) to plan and execute movements

91
Q

What are the primary functions of the left and right hemispheres?

A

Left-Thinkers

Right-Creators

92
Q

What is an electroencephalogram?

A

A graphic record of the collective postsynaptic potential activity in the cell bodies and dendrites located in the cortical layers under a recording electrode

93
Q

What are 3 functions of an electroencephalogram?

A
  1. Diagnosing cerebral dysfunction
  2. Pronouncing brain death
  3. Distinguishing various stages of sleep
94
Q

What is the subcortical region?

A

The brain regions that lie under the cerebral cortex, including the basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus

95
Q

What are the basal ganglia and what do they do?

A

Several masses of grey matter located deep within the white matter of the cerebrum of the brain; play an important inhibitory role in motor control

96
Q

Other than movement what 3 things are the basal ganglia involved in?

A
  1. Inhibiting muscle tone
  2. Selecting important muscle activity and inhibiting useless
  3. Helping monitor slow contractions related to posture
97
Q

What 2 structures make up the diencephalon?

A
  1. Hypothalamus

2. Thalamus

98
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

The brain region that serves as a synaptic integrating centre for preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex

99
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located and what does it do?

A

The brain region located beneath the thalamus that is concerned with regulating many aspects of the internal fluid environment, such as water and salt balance and food intake; serves as an important link between the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

100
Q

Where is the cerebellum located and what does it do?

A

The part of the brain attached to the rear of the brain stem and concerned with maintaining proper position of the body in space and subconscious coordination of motor activity

101
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cerebellum and what do they do?

A
  1. Vestibulocerebellum- Balance and eye movements
  2. Spinocerebellum- Enhances muscle tone and coordinates skilled movements
  3. Cerebrocerebellum- Planning and initiating voluntary activity by providing input to the cortical motor areas
102
Q

What are the 5 functions of the brainstem?

A
  1. Sleep
  2. Receives and integrates sensory synaptic input
  3. Regulates muscle reflexes and posture
  4. Control cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory
  5. Sensory activities

Physiology 214 (12 decks)

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