W3

Question 1

Latent variables

Answer 1

variables you cannot measure or observe
e.g. intelligence, motivation, etc.

Question 2

Manifest variables

Answer 2

variables you can measure and observe
e.g. scores, responses to a survey

Question 3

Categorical variable - Nominal level

Answer 3

labels
categorical
mutually exclusive
e.g. males, females, Buddhists, catholic
mode
bar graph, pie chart, frequency table

Question 4

Categorical variable - Ordinal level

Answer 4

rank ordering
indicates level of progression
no knowledge of difference between points
mode, median
bar graph, frequency table

Question 5

Quantitative variable - Interval level

Answer 5

interval between points on a scale
you know the difference between points
mode, median, mean
histogram
box plot

Question 6

Quantitative variable - Ratio level

Answer 6

same as interval + 0 meaningful point
mode, median, mean
histogram, box plot

Question 7

Quantitative variable - discrete

Answer 7

set of separate numbers
e.g. fb player scoring 4 goals

Question 8

Quantitative variable - continuous

Answer 8

infinite region of variables
e.g. height 157.333333cm (infinite)

Question 9

Measurement validity

Answer 9

property of an assessment tool that indicates that the tool does what it intends to be doing

what is the truth

Question 10

Content based validity

Answer 10

If it covers all aspects of a topic

Question 11

Criterion based validity

Answer 11

If it predicts the outcomes

Question 12

Construct based validity

Answer 12

Compare my measures to other measures to see the correlation

Question 13

Measurement reliability

Answer 13

the degree to which scores are consistent for one person measured twice

test or anything to measure something measures it consistently

Question 14

Test-retest reliability

Answer 14

utilized to measure whether a test is reliable over time
e.g. test 1 in December, test 2 in June
same test, same people, changes examined

Question 15

Parallel forms reliability

Answer 15

when you want to examine the similarity between different forms of the same test
e.g. same idea being tested but in a different form

Question 16

Internal consistency reliability

Answer 16

when items on a test correlate with each other so strongly you can assume they are measuring the same thing

cronbachs alpha - measures internal consistency
- the more individuals items correlate with each other, the higher the a value -> higher internal consistency

Question 17

Interrater reliability

Answer 17

when you want to measure whether the raters (witnesses, judges, etc.) agree on their judgements about an outcome

how much the ratings they put onto something align with each other

the more similar the ratings - higher reliability

Question 18

Measurement scales

Answer 18

Likert scale
Semantic differential scale
- used to record attitudes and opinions of respondents

Question 19

Operationalization

Answer 19

convert constructs into variables by making them measurable

Question 20

Measures of central tendency

Answer 20

mean

median

mode

Question 21

Univariate analysis

Answer 21

looks at each variable individually

Question 22

Bivariate analysis

Answer 22

how 2 variables interact with each other

Question 23

Multivariate analysis

Answer 23

how multiple variables interact with each other

Question 24

Descriptive statistics

Answer 24

Samples

Question 25

Frequency tables

Answer 25

how the values of a variable are distributed over the cases
summarize data

Question 26

Data matrix

Answer 26

table of cases vs variables
overview of your data

Question 27

Variable types

Answer 27

nominal and ordinal :
dichotomus - exactly 2 categories
polytomons - more than 2 categories
distance between variables - uninterpretable
frequencies, mode, median