W2 stages of development and impact on mental health

Question 1

Theories related to human development

Answer 1

• Psychoanalytic -> Freud
• Learning (behavioural and social) -> Pavlov, Skinner and Bandura
• Cognitive -> Piaget and Vygotsky
• Humanistic -> Maslow

Question 2

Temperament

Answer 2

characteristic, biologically based way of approaching and reacting to people / situations

• Affects how children regulate mental, emotional and behavioural functioning
• Temperament largely inborn and fairly stable – but can change in response to parental attitudes, treatment and cultural influences

Question 3

Different temperaments in children

Answer 3

Three temperamental patterns:
◦ Easy
◦ Difficult
◦ Slow-to-warm-up

• Many children do not neatly fit into these categories
• Degree of fit (child and caregiver)

Question 4

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 4

*look up image

Question 5

Attachment styles

Answer 5

• Secure attachment
• Avoidant attachment
• Resistant/ambivalent attachment
• Disorganised attachment

Question 6

Secure attachment style

Answer 6

may or may not cry when parent leaves, may interact with the stranger, easily settled when parent returns

Question 7

Avoidant attachment style

Answer 7

unresponsive to parent when present, not responsive when parent leaves, shows the same response to the stranger, ambivalent to parent’s return

Question 8

Resistant / Ambivalent attachment style

Answer 8

cling to parents, distressed on departure of parent, may be clingy and/or aggressive on their return

Question 9

Disorganised attachment style

Answer 9

confused, contradictory behaviours- may interact strangely with the parent

Question 10

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Answer 10

*look up image

Question 11

Trust v Mistrust stage of development

Answer 11

Birth - 18 months

• development of trusting relationships
• self-trust and confidence
• mistrust can occur and they will be concerned about being abandoned or their parents may not meet their needs

Question 12

Autonomy v Shame and doubt stage of development

Answer 12

1-2 years

• want to make choices and decisions for themselves
• need to develop autonomy
• building confidence and self-esteem for the child so they can move forward without shame or being in trouble

Question 13

Initiative v Guilt stage of development

Answer 13

3-6 years

• developing initiative, responsibility and a sense of purpose
• can be influenced by over-control of parents, expectation of control in the child
• results in guilt

Question 14

Industry v Inferiority stage of development

Answer 14

7-11

• develop the capacity to cooperate and work with others to achieve
• negative responses can foster feelings of incompetency

Question 15

Identity v Role confusion stage of development

Answer 15

Teenage years

• Formation of identity and self concept
• Searching for meaning, future goals and self-values
• Confusion often exists during this stage and reassurance is vital
• Multiple influences both positive and negative exist

Question 16

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 16

Jean Piaget, investigated the development of infant thought patterns:
o How do infants think?
o When does memory begin?
o What does an infant know?

Piaget never used term learning– saw all behaviour as adaptation to environment
He saw child as playing an ‘active’ role in construction of knowledge

Question 17

Behavioural and Social learning theories

Answer 17

• Pavlov and classical conditioning
• Skinner and operant conditioning
• Bandura and social learning ( modelling and imitation, observational learning)

Question 18

9 behavioural traits of temperament

Answer 18

• level of physical activity
• response to new situations (withdrawal or approach)
• adaptability to change
• sensitivity to stimuli (light, sound, touch)
• attention span
• persistence in tasks
• general mood
• intensity of reaction to a situation
• regularity and predictability of sleeping and eating behaviours

Question 19

Goodness of fit

Answer 19

The compatibility of one’s temperament to their circumstances and environment
- this can be a person or a place