W2 stages of development and impact on mental health Flashcards
Theories related to human development
- Psychoanalytic -> Freud
- Learning (behavioural and social) -> Pavlov, Skinner and Bandura
- Cognitive -> Piaget and Vygotsky
- Humanistic -> Maslow
Temperament
characteristic, biologically based way of approaching and reacting to people / situations
- Affects how children regulate mental, emotional and behavioural functioning
- Temperament largely inborn and fairly stable – but can change in response to parental attitudes, treatment and cultural influences
Different temperaments in children
Three temperamental patterns:
◦ Easy
◦ Difficult
◦ Slow-to-warm-up
- Many children do not neatly fit into these categories
- Degree of fit (child and caregiver)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
*look up image
Attachment styles
- Secure attachment
- Avoidant attachment
- Resistant/ambivalent attachment
- Disorganised attachment
Secure attachment style
may or may not cry when parent leaves, may interact with the stranger, easily settled when parent returns
Avoidant attachment style
unresponsive to parent when present, not responsive when parent leaves, shows the same response to the stranger, ambivalent to parent’s return
Resistant / Ambivalent attachment style
cling to parents, distressed on departure of parent, may be clingy and/or aggressive on their return
Disorganised attachment style
confused, contradictory behaviours- may interact strangely with the parent
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
*look up image
Trust v Mistrust stage of development
Birth - 18 months
- development of trusting relationships
- self-trust and confidence
- mistrust can occur and they will be concerned about being abandoned or their parents may not meet their needs
Autonomy v Shame and doubt stage of development
1-2 years
- want to make choices and decisions for themselves
- need to develop autonomy
- building confidence and self-esteem for the child so they can move forward without shame or being in trouble
Initiative v Guilt stage of development
3-6 years
- developing initiative, responsibility and a sense of purpose
- can be influenced by over-control of parents, expectation of control in the child
- results in guilt
Industry v Inferiority stage of development
7-11
- develop the capacity to cooperate and work with others to achieve
- negative responses can foster feelings of incompetency
Identity v Role confusion stage of development
Teenage years
- Formation of identity and self concept
- Searching for meaning, future goals and self-values
- Confusion often exists during this stage and reassurance is vital
- Multiple influences both positive and negative exist
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
Jean Piaget, investigated the development of infant thought patterns:
o How do infants think?
o When does memory begin?
o What does an infant know?
Piaget never used term learning– saw all behaviour as adaptation to environment
He saw child as playing an ‘active’ role in construction of knowledge
Behavioural and Social learning theories
- Pavlov and classical conditioning
- Skinner and operant conditioning
- Bandura and social learning ( modelling and imitation, observational learning)
9 behavioural traits of temperament
- level of physical activity
- response to new situations (withdrawal or approach)
- adaptability to change
- sensitivity to stimuli (light, sound, touch)
- attention span
- persistence in tasks
- general mood
- intensity of reaction to a situation
- regularity and predictability of sleeping and eating behaviours
Goodness of fit
The compatibility of one’s temperament to their circumstances and environment
- this can be a person or a place
