W2 Episodic memory

Question 1

Major taxonomies categorise memory by

Answer 1

Time (model model of memory) + Content (long-term memory system)

Question 2

Episodic memory

Answer 2

Memory of personal experiences that can be explicitly stated, consisting of autobiographical events and their context (who, what, when, where, and why).

Question 3

Mental time travel (chromesthesia)

Answer 3

Capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past as well as to imagine possible scenarios i the future.

Question 4

Reminiscence Bump

Answer 4

superior memory for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood.

Question 5

Flashbulb memories

Answer 5

emotionally significant or shocking (9/11, COVID)

Question 6

Andi Bell ( world with perfect memory)

Answer 6

World memory champion (1998, 2002, 2003) Recall serial order of playing cards, after 20 min study. = trained, exploits how our memory worlds.

Question 7

Superior autobiographical memory Parker, et al. 2006

Answer 7

Case study of AJ. Near perfect recall of events in her own life historical events when given dates by the researchers, remembering dominates her life, non-stop automatic and uncontrollable.

Question 8

Superior autobiographical memory Leport et al. 2012

Answer 8

identified 10 individuals with superior autobiographical memory, same performs as AJ for autobiographical memories. But perform same as control on standard memory tasks. MRIs performed on all subjects. Compared to control group, size and shape of temporal lobe differed, associated with episodic memory. Compared to control group – size and shape of caudate nucleus (basal ganglia)– associated with habits. Researchers noted tendencies towards obsessive memory.

Question 9

Hyperthymesia Jill Price

Answer 9

1st person to be diagnosed. highly superior autobiographical memory. Feels like she is living 2 lives at once – the past and the present simultaneously. Emotions associated with previous upsetting situations – with perfect recall of events and situations.

Question 10

Direct memory test

Answer 10

Instructed encoding ( participants instructed to memories information) ==> Explicit retrieval ( participants instructed to retrieve the information they memorised)

Question 11

Indirect memory tests

Answer 11

Incidental encoding (participants think about the information but are not instructed to memorize it) ==> Implicit retrieval (during testing they are asked to compete for an activity seemingly unrelated to memory)

Question 12

Direct Memory Test = Recall

Answer 12

Generate informaiton from memory = open ended exam questions, digit recall task

Question 13

Direct Memory Test = Free recall

Answer 13

recall as many items as possible

Question 14

Direct Memory Test = Serial recall

Answer 14

recall items in order of their presentation

Question 15

Direct Memory Test = cued recall

Answer 15

recall items with help of a cue, ()recall all odd digits first, then all even digits

Question 16

Direct Memory Test = Recognition

Answer 16

Veyr whether information presented matches memory = MCQ exams, word recognition task

Question 17

Levels of processing = Encoding effects

Answer 17

Craik & Tulving, 1975 experiments Structural (is the word in capital letters?) phonemic (does the word rhyme with weight) ==> deeper processing at encoding can aid memory

Question 18

Spacing effect

Answer 18

Massed practice = signle, lengthy study period
Distributed practice = multiple short study periods
Memory is generally better after distributed than after massed practive.

Question 19

Serial position effects

Answer 19

Information encoded first (primacy) or last (recency) is recalled best.

Question 20

Testing effect (roediger & karpicke’s 2006)

Answer 20

retrieval practice improves emmory for delays longer than a few minutes

Question 21

Encoding specificity (encoding retrieval interaction)

Answer 21

= matching context at encoding and retrieval aids episodic memory.
Godden and Baddeley (1975) diver study = memory is best for matched encoding and retrieval context.

Question 22

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 22

= matching processing at encoding and retrieval aids episodic emmory. Morris, Bransford, & Franks’ (1977) experiments. = completion encoding, recognition retrieval, phonemic encoding, rhyme retrieval