W1 Memory: processes + systems

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Faculty by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved when needed. Large vast, intangible

Question 2

Memory processes

Answer 2

Encode, Store, Retrieve

Question 3

Encode

Answer 3

Sights, sounds, smells = encode stimuli, things we perceive, and experience, don’t exist until your perceive them. Sensory representation.
Encoding = information enters memory system or slips away.

Question 4

Store

Answer 4

Store representation. Storage = information is preserved for recollection in the future or is forgotten. We store this memory and when we want to bring memories back to the for front of our mind we retrieve memories things we recall.

Question 5

Retrieve

Answer 5

Events, facts, skills retrieve memories (past trip, knowledge, riding bike) Retrieval = information is recollected or sits on the tip of your tongue.

Question 6

A world without memory Clive wearing

Answer 6

= highly accomplished musician and conductor whe he fell ill with herpes simplex encephalitis, ever since Clive has lost the ability to form new memories or recall past memories. Damaged his past representation, loss of previous memory and enable to form new memories. He still retains the ability to play music. Different types of memories; his skill has been perceived. = Anterograde and Retrograde amnesia.

Question 7

Memory taxonomies

Answer 7

Different types of memories we can organize

Question 8

Categorise memories

Answer 8

Time ( model model of memory), content

Question 9

Model Model memory

Answer 9

Sensory Memory (= input => a moment) => Short term memory (few seconds) =><= Long-term memory (permanent, not perfect). Sensory memory is either processed or lost. Sensory memory = modality-specific storage = different storage bins.

Question 10

Sensory memory

Answer 10

Modality-specific storage of input from the sense (iconic + echoic memory)

Question 11

Iconic memory

Answer 11

visual impressions

Question 12

Echoic memory

Answer 12

Auditory impressions ( a few seconds)

Question 13

Sperling’s (1960) experiments

Answer 13

= very brief presentation of letter arrays. Two conditions = whole report condition(= report as many as you can) + partial report condition (told which row to attempt to recall = performed this experiment with tones to indicate which row to recall).

Question 14

Short term memory

Answer 14

attention to information moves in from sensory memory short duration (30-60s), capacity of 5-9 elements, boosted by active rehearsal and chuncking.

Question 15

Long term memory

Answer 15

Information can be transferred from STM to LTM. Information can be retrieved from LTM to STM. Unlimited duration + capacity (but still not perfect). Many different types of memories and knowledge are held in LTM.

Question 16

Long term memory system

Answer 16

(1)Long-term memory
(2)Declaritive(episodic/sematic)/(2)non-declarative(procedural/other)

Question 17

LTM model Declaritive

Answer 17

you can talk about it, declare it, vocalize it “did you have breakfast yesterday” – “yes” tangible, we can talk about, you can think and reflect on them.

Question 18

LTM Model Non-declarative

Answer 18

difficult less tangible, harder to reflect or think about it

Question 19

Conditioning (non-declarative)

Answer 19

afraid of spiders, can’t explain why or who, you just know, you can’t explain it.

Question 20

LTM Model (declarative) Episodic memory

Answer 20

Episodes of your life that you remember. Include contextual information such as when and where they occurred. (what you had for dinner yesterday, your last vacation)

Question 21

LTM Model Declarative Semantic memory

Answer 21

General facts about the world that you know. Abstracted from contextual information. (Paris is the capital of France, the meaning of the word “car”)

Question 22

LTM model Non-declarative memory

Answer 22

Procedural memory: skills, habits (how to ride a bike, how to play an instrument). Other forms of implicit memory (conditioning, priming, …)

Question 23

Working Memory

Answer 23

used to manipulate information in STM, activate rehearsal and chunking, current thoughts, retrieving information from LTM, transferring inofrmation to LTM.
= storage and controlled processing of information in the present moment.

Question 24

Capcity of WM Reading Span Task

Answer 24

You will be presented with 3 statements, think about whether they were true or false and remember the last word from each statement. When prompted, write down the whether the statements were true or false in order and the last word in each statement.

Question 25

Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory model

Answer 25

= hierarchical organisation, mulitple components with functional responsibilites, interaction of attention, LTM.
Central executive <==> visuospatialsketchpad/episodic buffer/phonological loop <==> long term memory

Question 26

Multicomponent WM Central Executive

Answer 26

Coordination of storage systems and control of attention to stimuli

Question 27

Multicomponent WM visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 27

Processes visual imargery and spatial information (what/where), highlighted thorught mental rotation task. (seperate from the phonological loop)

Question 28

Mental rottion task

Answer 28

(Shephered and malzer, 1971) Involves visual and spatial memory. Is the object the same, different or are they mirrored. Findings suggest that the more an object has been rotated from the original the longer it takes an individual to determine if the two images are the same object or enantiomorphs (mirroring)

Question 29

Multicomponent WM Phonological loop

Answer 29

processing of phonological information = phonological short-term store attacked throught a articulatory loop to the subvocal rehearsal process. (word lenght effect)

Question 30

The word length effect

Answer 30

we can remember the number of words that we can articulate in approxiamtely 2 seconds, if we cannot refresh (i.e rehears) the items in the phonological store within 2 second delay. Recall more short words than long words (they take longer to articulate

Question 31

Multicomponent WM Episodic buffer

Answer 31

Binds smells, sounds, touches together. Multimodal infromation to form episodic memories

Question 32

Memory in the brain “Engram”

Answer 32

(Lashley’s, 1950) trained rats to navigate a maze, created lesions in different parts of the brian and tested effects on maze performance. Not the location but the size of lesion predicted performance. Many different and distributed parts of the brian support memory.
Engram = neural representation fo a memory, memory trace.

Question 33

Frontal cortex

Answer 33

coordination of information WM

Question 34

Temporal cortex

Answer 34

Spatial memory storage, episodic memory storage

Question 35

Amygdala

Answer 35

Implicit and emotional memory formation

Question 36

Hippocampus

Answer 36

explicit memory formation

Question 37

Cerebellum

Answer 37

Implicit memory formation