W1 Memory: processes + systems Flashcards
Memory
Faculty by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved when needed. Large vast, intangible
Memory processes
Encode, Store, Retrieve
Encode
Sights, sounds, smells = encode stimuli, things we perceive, and experience, don’t exist until your perceive them. Sensory representation.
Encoding = information enters memory system or slips away.
Store
Store representation. Storage = information is preserved for recollection in the future or is forgotten. We store this memory and when we want to bring memories back to the for front of our mind we retrieve memories things we recall.
Retrieve
Events, facts, skills retrieve memories (past trip, knowledge, riding bike) Retrieval = information is recollected or sits on the tip of your tongue.
A world without memory Clive wearing
= highly accomplished musician and conductor whe he fell ill with herpes simplex encephalitis, ever since Clive has lost the ability to form new memories or recall past memories. Damaged his past representation, loss of previous memory and enable to form new memories. He still retains the ability to play music. Different types of memories; his skill has been perceived. = Anterograde and Retrograde amnesia.
Memory taxonomies
Different types of memories we can organize
Categorise memories
Time ( model model of memory), content
Model Model memory
Sensory Memory (= input => a moment) => Short term memory (few seconds) =><= Long-term memory (permanent, not perfect). Sensory memory is either processed or lost. Sensory memory = modality-specific storage = different storage bins.
Sensory memory
Modality-specific storage of input from the sense (iconic + echoic memory)
Iconic memory
visual impressions
Echoic memory
Auditory impressions ( a few seconds)
Sperling’s (1960) experiments
= very brief presentation of letter arrays. Two conditions = whole report condition(= report as many as you can) + partial report condition (told which row to attempt to recall = performed this experiment with tones to indicate which row to recall).
Short term memory
attention to information moves in from sensory memory short duration (30-60s), capacity of 5-9 elements, boosted by active rehearsal and chuncking.
Long term memory
Information can be transferred from STM to LTM. Information can be retrieved from LTM to STM. Unlimited duration + capacity (but still not perfect). Many different types of memories and knowledge are held in LTM.
Long term memory system
(1)Long-term memory
(2)Declaritive(episodic/sematic)/(2)non-declarative(procedural/other)
LTM model Declaritive
you can talk about it, declare it, vocalize it “did you have breakfast yesterday” – “yes” tangible, we can talk about, you can think and reflect on them.
LTM Model Non-declarative
difficult less tangible, harder to reflect or think about it
Conditioning (non-declarative)
afraid of spiders, can’t explain why or who, you just know, you can’t explain it.
LTM Model (declarative) Episodic memory
Episodes of your life that you remember. Include contextual information such as when and where they occurred. (what you had for dinner yesterday, your last vacation)
LTM Model Declarative Semantic memory
General facts about the world that you know. Abstracted from contextual information. (Paris is the capital of France, the meaning of the word “car”)
LTM model Non-declarative memory
Procedural memory: skills, habits (how to ride a bike, how to play an instrument). Other forms of implicit memory (conditioning, priming, …)
Working Memory
used to manipulate information in STM, activate rehearsal and chunking, current thoughts, retrieving information from LTM, transferring inofrmation to LTM.
= storage and controlled processing of information in the present moment.
Capcity of WM Reading Span Task
You will be presented with 3 statements, think about whether they were true or false and remember the last word from each statement. When prompted, write down the whether the statements were true or false in order and the last word in each statement.
Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory model
= hierarchical organisation, mulitple components with functional responsibilites, interaction of attention, LTM.
Central executive <==> visuospatialsketchpad/episodic buffer/phonological loop <==> long term memory
Multicomponent WM Central Executive
Coordination of storage systems and control of attention to stimuli
Multicomponent WM visuospatial sketchpad
Processes visual imargery and spatial information (what/where), highlighted thorught mental rotation task. (seperate from the phonological loop)
Mental rottion task
(Shephered and malzer, 1971) Involves visual and spatial memory. Is the object the same, different or are they mirrored. Findings suggest that the more an object has been rotated from the original the longer it takes an individual to determine if the two images are the same object or enantiomorphs (mirroring)
Multicomponent WM Phonological loop
processing of phonological information = phonological short-term store attacked throught a articulatory loop to the subvocal rehearsal process. (word lenght effect)
The word length effect
we can remember the number of words that we can articulate in approxiamtely 2 seconds, if we cannot refresh (i.e rehears) the items in the phonological store within 2 second delay. Recall more short words than long words (they take longer to articulate
Multicomponent WM Episodic buffer
Binds smells, sounds, touches together. Multimodal infromation to form episodic memories
Memory in the brain “Engram”
(Lashley’s, 1950) trained rats to navigate a maze, created lesions in different parts of the brian and tested effects on maze performance. Not the location but the size of lesion predicted performance. Many different and distributed parts of the brian support memory.
Engram = neural representation fo a memory, memory trace.
Frontal cortex
coordination of information WM
Temporal cortex
Spatial memory storage, episodic memory storage
Amygdala
Implicit and emotional memory formation
Hippocampus
explicit memory formation
Cerebellum
Implicit memory formation
