W2- Considerations in cross-cultural psychology Flashcards
race
distinctive biological groups which have obvious differing physical characteristics
ethnicity
groups within which people have a common nationality, religion, language or culture
culture
practices, food, belief systems, daily rituals and practices of ethnic group
context of immigration
why left country of origin
how they got to aus
legal status
trauma experiences
restraumatised due to detention in aus
subgroup membership- ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, refugees or immigrants, religious affiliation
acculturation
assimilation to different culture, usually dominant one
impact social and psych well-being
traditional
adhering to beliefs, values and behaviours of one’s country of origin
bicultural
mix of new and old beliefs, values and behaviours
acculturated
modified one’s old beliefs, values and behaviours in attempt to adjust
assimilated
given up old beliefs, values and behaviours and adopted those of new country
effect of acculturation on psych test outcome
acculturated or assimilated individuals do better on psychological tests
how does culture shape way we think
societal values shape one’s point of view and guide behaviours
language use influences learning processes- not being able to pick up on certain nuances- affects ability to collect different data types, make connections between them and infer desirable mode of behaviour
need to satisfy cultural norms results in changes in thinking and behaviour over time
culture affects cognitive evolution
what dictates cultural norms?
dictated by what is normalised by political influences, social policy, media, pop culture, and significant events
verbal communication
differs between cultures in terms of tone and expression
some words may not exist in some cultures
non-verbal communication
touch, gestures, physical space, gender norms
low-context
good communication is precise, simple and clear
messages expressed and understood at face value
repetition appreciated- clarifies communication
US, Australia, Canada, Netherlands, Germany
high-context
good communication is sophisticated, nuanced, and layered
messages spoken and read between lines
messages implied not plainly expressed
Japan, Korea, Indonesia, China, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, India, Iran
political influence on cultural and societal views
provide sense of belonging
define cultural fabric
paint views of other nations- culture, religion, ethnicity
influence of education
western- critical thinking, problem-solving skills, generating new ideas
eastern- reading, memorising, describing, explaining
affects way we learn, how we perform on tests, and how we think about the world around us
use of DSM with CALD groups
care needed in applying diagnostic labels to CALD groups
DSM tailored to Western populations
diagnoses may not translate across cultures- lead to misdiagnosis
insufficient research for Australian CALD groups
use DSM criteria with caution or not at all
significant effects of labels- labels stick
diagnosis can only be made if behaviour considered abnormal within culture
symptoms often vary between cultures
common psychometric tests in English speaking countries and Europe
Weschler Scale of Adult Intelligence WAIS
Weschler Memory Scale WMS
California Verbal Learning Test
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI
Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
wide range of norms for specific groups
reliable estimates for cognitive function and personality assessment in Western groups
normative data
data from reference population
establish baseline distribution for score or measurement
used as point of comparison
obtained from large, randomly selected representative sample from wider population
age, sex, level of education, race, and ethnicity
tests broken up according to age groups
does not exist for many psychometric tests for Australian CALD groups
test norms often have high average level of education
need to take education level and age into account especially given how gender norms have changed over time, also cultural landscape and opp for education in country of origin
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale
WAIS-IV
2008
10 core subtests and five supplemental tests
10 core subtests yield scaled scores which sum to derive Full Scale IQ
abstract reasoning, verbal comprehension, working memory, proccessing speed, perceptual reasoning
standardised based on sample of 2200 people in US age 16-90
use of WAIS with CALD community
studies in US shown that low level education groups 2-3 times more likely to be misclassified/misdiagnosed using WAIS and WMS
MMSE
most common used cognitive screening tool
score range out of 30
score less than 24- possible impairment
poor sensitivity to high education, adults 75+ yrs, non-English speaking background, low SES
not diagnostic
sensitive to culture- language, drawing, counting backwards by 7s
