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Advanced Diagnostic Audiology > w2 - CANS > Flashcards

w2 - CANS Flashcards

1
Q

What 7 components make up the CANS?

A

1) cochlear nuclei (CN): VCN and DCN
2) superior olivary complex (SOC)
3) lateral lemniscus
4) inferior colliculus
5) medial geniculate body
6) auditory cortex
7) corpus callosum

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2
Q

What is the function of the CANS?

A
  • CANS plays a crucial role in receiving and processing sound information, enabling humans and animals to perceive and interact with their acoustic environment
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3
Q

The CANS incorporates several brain regions from the ____ to the ____

A

cochlear nuclei, cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Our understanding of the human central auditory system is derived from what 4 things?

A

1) post-mortem anatomical studies
2) psychophysical and electrophysiological experiments
3) structural and functional imaging
4) comparative studies with laboratory animals

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5
Q

What did neuroanatomy of the auditory system help build a foundation for?

A

speech and language acquisition and diagnosing and treating hearing, speech, and language disorders

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6
Q

What are the 4 crossings of the CANS?

A

The blue areas have to cross information from one side to another
- 1st cross: DCN
- 2nd cross: TB (trapezoid body)
- 3rd cross: LL
- 4th cross: AC through the corpus callosum

Information to one ear is crossing to the other side of the brain

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7
Q

What are the 2 components of the cochlear nucleus (CN)?

A
  • ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN)
  • dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN)
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8
Q

The primary afferents of the AN are divided into ____ and ____ branches in the CN

A

ascending, descending

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9
Q

The ascending branch travels to the ____.

A

rostral pole of the VCN

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10
Q

The descending branch travels to the ____

A

DCN

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11
Q

The CN is the ____ stage of transforming acoustic information

A

initial

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12
Q

Where does the CN receive efferent fibers from?

A

auditory thalamocortical pathways (top down processing)

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13
Q

Explain the CNs characteristic frequency (CF)

A

the frequency to which it is most sensitive, corresponds to a specific location on the BM of the cochlea.

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14
Q

Explain the CNs tonotopic organization

A

mimics the BMs cochleotopic organization

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15
Q

CN - The human VCN contains what 5 cells?

A
  1. spherical bushy cells
  2. globular bushy cells
  3. stellate cells
  4. octopus cells
  5. small cap cells
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16
Q

CN VCN - what do the spherical/globular bushy cells and stellate cells do?

A
  • maintain spectral sensitivity and signal patterns
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17
Q

CN VCN - what tests of AP target spherical/globular bushy cells and stellate cells?

A
  • frequency pattern test or pitch pattern test or changes in timing/intensity
  • these tests will target these cells directly to show place of involvement
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18
Q

CN VCN - What is a job that only stellate cells do?

A

stellate cells have different firing patterns and provide excitatory and inhibitory input to other neurons in the cochlear nucleus

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19
Q

CN VCN - What do octopus cells do?

A
  • handle precise timing for detecting sound structures
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20
Q

CN VCN - What tests of AP target octopus cells?

A
  • gap detection
  • problem with this task could mean problem with the octopus cells in the VCN
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21
Q

CN VCN - what do small cap cells do?

A

their function is still unknown

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22
Q

CN DCN - What does the DCN do?

A

receives input from auditory and non-auditory sources and undergoes complex processing

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23
Q

CN DCN - explain the 3 layers of the DCN

A

The DCN is organized into 3 layers, containing different types of neurons and interneurons:
1) the molecular layer: dendrites of fusiform cells
2) granule cells: input to layer 1
3) fusiform cells, giant cells, interneurons that link to DCN and VCN

neural fibers connect the layers (and also connect to other parts of the brain)

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24
Q

CN DCN - what do fusiform and giant cells do?

A
  • fusiform cells exhibit a “pauser” firing pattern, while giant cells show a “buildup” pattern.
  • fusiform and giant cells are sensitive to monaural acoustic cues, providing information about sound sources in the vertical plane
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25
Q

Difficulty with speech in noise has to do with cells in the ____

A

DCN

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26
Q

CN - What are the 5 functions of the DCN?

A
  1. encoding verticle spectral cues
  2. detects monaural directional cues (HRTF)
  3. detecting sound source elevation (high or low sound)
  4. accurate sound source orientation
  5. tuberculo-ventral cells in the DCN inhibit VCN bushy cells which reduces echoes (helpful for unilateral HL)
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27
Q

CN DCN - what are proprioceptive signals?

A

Signals related to position, place, and movement of body and cells

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28
Q

CN - The DCN is the first area of incorporating ____ with auditory information

A

sensory information

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29
Q

What are the 3 major nuclear groups in the SOC?

A

1) the medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO)
2) the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO)
3) the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB)

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30
Q

SOC - explain the MSO

A

The MSO is tonotopically organized, disproportionately representing low frequencies

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31
Q

SOC - physical separation of the two ears contributes to sound localization in the ____ plane

A

horizontal

32
Q

SOC - what are ITDs

A
  • interaural time differences
  • used for localizing low frequency sound
33
Q

SOC - what are IIDs

A
  • interaural intensity differences
  • used for high frequency sounds
34
Q

SOC - MSO involved in encoding ____

A

ITDs

35
Q

SOC - LSO involved in encoding ____

A

IIDs

36
Q

SOC - MNTB plays a crucial role in ____

A

sound localization

37
Q

SOC - the MSO and LSO send projections to: (2)

A
  1. dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL)
  2. central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC)
38
Q

Tonotopy isn’t just limited to the ____, also in the ____

A

BM, CAS

39
Q

The nuclei of the ____ are not well studied in the human auditory brainstem

A

LL

40
Q

The LL nuclei are divided into: (2)

A
  1. the ventral nucleus of the LL (VNLL)
  2. the dorsal nucleus of LL (DNLL)
41
Q

LL - what are the 2 inputs to the ventral nucleus of LL (VNLL)

A
  1. contra: VCN cells
  2. ipsi: MNTB
42
Q

LL - what are the inputs to the dorsal nucleus of LL (DNLL)

A

contra: VCN
ipsi: MSO, VNLL

43
Q

LL - where is the DNLL located?

A

below the inferior colliculus (IC)

44
Q

The DNLL projects ____ to the IC

A

bilaterally

45
Q

What is the lowest level of auditory processing?

A

The LL

46
Q

The LL and the IC do what 2 things?

A
  1. contribute to sound source localization and lateralization in both vertical and horizontal planes
  2. first place for processing auditory information and the complexity of speech (voices)
47
Q

The ____ is a prominent paired structure in humans and other mammals

A

inferior colliculus (IC)

48
Q

The IC is divided into what 2 things?

A
  1. a central nucleus (CNIC)
    - exhibits tonotopic organization
    - receives auditory inputs from CN, SOC, and LL
  2. a surrounding cortex (ICC)
49
Q

What are the 5 inputs to the IC?

A
  1. various auditory nuclei in the brainstem
  2. auditory thalamus and cortex
  3. somatosensory
  4. limbic areas
  5. motor nuclei of the basal ganglia
50
Q

IC and LL contribute to what?

A

sound source lateralizastion/localization

51
Q

neurons in the dorsal cortex of IC are sensitive to ____

A

vocalizations

52
Q

The medial geniculate body (MGB) is a ____ in the auditory system

A

complex gateway

53
Q

Only about ____% of MGB synaptic inputs come from cochlear pathways

A

20

54
Q

Where do most inputs to the MGB come from?

A

multiple sources including: cortex, reflecting behavioural states like attention and arousal

55
Q

What 3 divisions is the is MGB divided into?

A
  1. ventral (MGBv)
  2. dorsal (MGBd)
  3. medial (MGBm)
56
Q

MGB - explain the MGBv

A
  • part lemniscal pathway
  • receives input from the CNIC
57
Q

MGB - explain MGBd and MGBm

A
  • parts of the non-lemniscal pathway
  • receive major input from ICC (surrounding cortex of IC)
58
Q

The MGB is a ____ nucleus

A

multisensory

59
Q

Explain multisensory nucleus

A
  • visual, tactile, sensory
  • also information from the auditory cortex
  • uses top down and bottom up processing
60
Q

Where does the AC in the temporal neocortex receive its main input from?

A

MGB and related cell groups

61
Q

AC - where are auditory areas located?

A

on the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and its superior surface is within the lateral fissure

62
Q

AC - Explain the superior temporal gyrus (STG)

A

The STG is highly folded and variable, with prominent transverse gyri, inclduing heschl’s gyrus (HG)

63
Q

AC - explain the posterior portion of HG

A

the posterior portion of HG is traditionally considered the primary auditory cortex (PAC) recognized as the auditory cortical core

64
Q

AC - Surrounding the auditory core fields are the multiple auditory fields known as the ____

A

auditory cortical belt

65
Q

AC - Further out, on the lateral surface of the STG, is the ____

A

auditory cortical parabelt

66
Q

AC - Explain the core, belt, and parabelt

A
  • 3 mains parts
    • core/PAC/HG
    • then belt
    • the parabelt
  • the farther from the core the more things are being processed
  • core = tonotopy
  • belt/para = representation of phonemes (more complex than core)
  • as we go from the core to the parabelt we see the AC is processing more than auditory information
67
Q

AC - which framework does the core/belt relate to?

A

cognitive-driven framework

68
Q

AC - These temporal auditory fields: core, belt, and para belt are interconnected with eachother and the auditory thalamus to form what?

A

the auditory forebrain complex

69
Q

The AC interacts with what other cortical areas?

A

occipital, parietal, and frontal lobes (engaging in sensory, motor, limbic, and cognitive processing)

70
Q

Auditory visual interactions of the AC contribute to what?

A

speech and language processing

71
Q

Explain why we know that the AC is involved in processing more than sound?

A

Diseases/disorders in auditory system can impact other modalities (the brain is a network and no systems are isolated)

72
Q

Tonotopic organization in the central auditory pathway pic

A
73
Q

How many subdivisions of the corpus callosum are there and what are they?

A
  • 1-5: the anterior half of the CC (contains fibers interconnecting frontal association cortical areas)
  • 6: the isthmus (mostly contains fibers interconnecting the primary motor, somatosensory, and auditory areas (2 halves)
  • 7: the splenium (contains fibers interconnecting primary visual and association temporo-occipital and parietal fibers
74
Q

CC - explain small fiber diameter

A
  • < 0.4 um
  • primarily found in regions 2 and 7
  • connect prefrontal and temporoparietal association areas
75
Q

CC - explain large fiber diameter

A
  • 3-5 um
  • found in regions 6 (isthmus)
  • and 7 (splenium): connect visual cortices
76
Q

CC fibers interconnecting the 2 primary ACs are the ____ among others

A

largest

Advanced Diagnostic Audiology (10 decks)

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