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@EEB 100 > W2: Anti-Predator Behavior > Flashcards

W2: Anti-Predator Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Costs of Behavior

A

1) Time
2) Energy
3) Risk of Predation
4) Opportunity

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2
Q

Benefits of Behavior

A

1) Increased access to energy
2) Increased access to mates
3) Decreased risk of predation

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3
Q

What is the evolutionary arms race between predators and prey?

A

1) Prey are continually evolving defenses to avoid being eaten
2) Predators are continually evolving counter-defenses

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4
Q

What types of selection does predation exert on prey?

A

1) Life-dinner principle

2) Generation time effects

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5
Q

What evolved faster: prey defenses or predator attacks?

A

Prey defenses evolve faster than predator counter defenses

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6
Q

Life-diner Principle

A

Selection for defense may be stronger than selection for counter-defense.

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7
Q

Generation time effects

A

Prey usally have shorter generation times than their predators

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8
Q

Net Profitability Equation

A

E/T(t)
unit: energy per unit time
E = energy content per prey item
T(t) = time required to find and consume prey

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9
Q

Find/Consume Prey Equation

A 
T(t) = T(s) + T(h)
T(s) = search time
T(h) = handling time (subdue, ingest, digest)
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10
Q

How do prey defenses affect the Find/Consume Equation?

A

Prey defenses increase T(s) or T(h) and reduce the profitability of the prey. (slight change in profitability can make it advantageous to switch to a different prey)

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11
Q

Great tit anti-predator experiment

A

Test food selection preference of great tits as food passed through their cage on a conveyor belt. Food choices: 1) inedible twigs (brown string in opaque straw) (2) Large, cryptic prey (mealworm in opaque straw) (3) small, conspicuous prey (1/2 mealworm in clear straw)
Result: Great its specialized on small, conspicuous prey when the abundance of twigs made it difficult for them to find large, cryptic prey.

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12
Q

What are the variables related to the food options for the great tit experiment?

A 
E = energy value
T(h) = handling time
i(t) = encounter rate (items/sec)
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13
Q

How does this experiment capture the essence of a predator searching for a profitable but cryptic prey?

A

E(1)/T(h1) > E(2)/T(h2)

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14
Q

Anti-predator adaptations work by increasing what factors of the generalist equation?

A

1) Search time

2) Handling time

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15
Q

Search Time

A

Time spend prior to pursuit

=crypsis, mimicry, background selection, removing evidence

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16
Q

Handing Time

A

Time spent pursuing, subduing, eating, digesting prey

=protective spines, behavior, mis-directing an attack, startling displays

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17
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

When edible species look like a protected species.
(Predators learn to avoid ‘model’ and the ‘mimic’ benefits from this learning. Problem: if the predators must learn to repsond to the model, too many mimics may ‘break’ the system.
Frequency dependent: only works when there are relatively few mimics
i.e.
mexican milk snake, tephridid flies, swasp fly, burrowing owls, octopus

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18
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

Toxic species converge on similar (often bright) colors.

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19
Q

Aposomatic Coloration

A

Warning coloration

20
Q

What are three different types of mimicry?

A

1) Batesian mimicry
2) Mullerian mimicry
3) Chemical warefare

21
Q

How do search images work?

A

The assist in finding cryptic prey (animals learn to focus on a specific salient feature)
They illustrate counter-adaptations predators have against cryptic prey.
Evidence: animals increase foraging rate or efficiency with experience.

22
Q

What are some examples of group defense?

A

1) Dilution
2) Selfish herding
3) Predator confusion
4) Vigilance
5) Mobbing
6) Alarm calling
7) Sentinel behavior

23
Q

Dilution

A

simple safety in number (reduced per capita predation risk) aka aggregation

24
Q

Selfish Herding

A

prey jockeying for protected positions

25
Q

Predator Confusion

A

mass prey movements interfere with predator’s ability to catch individual prey

26
Q

Vigilance

A

(many eyes)

together prey detect predators with greater reliability or at greater distances.

27
Q

Mobbing

A

prey cooperatively attacking predators in mass

28
Q

Alarm Calling

A

prey alerting each other to the presence of a predator

29
Q

Sentinel behavior

A

prey taking turns scanning for predators

30
Q

What are some factors that can be experimentally controlled for in group studies?

A

1) group size
2) age
3) sex
4) distribution of food
5) distribution of cover

31
Q

What are some effects of changing variables in group studies?

A

1) reproductive status
2) kinship
3) dominance
4) location of con-specifics

32
Q

Con-specific

A

member of the same species

33
Q

Ethogram

A

A catalog or table of all the different kinds of behavior or activity observed in an animal.

34
Q

Name are some different types of signalling to predators?

A

1) pursuit invitation
2) predator detection
3) pursuit deterrence
4) prey is healthy

35
Q

Pursuit Invitation

A

to invite a predator to chase you before it can actually catch you

36
Q

Predator Detection

A

to inform predator its been seen

37
Q

Pursuit Deterrence

A

I see you, give up

38
Q

Prey is Healthy

A

I’m too healthy for you to catch me

39
Q

Startle

A

(directed toward predator, but not specifically a signal)

lead to extra time to escape

40
Q

Confusion effect

A

(directed toward predator, but not specifically a signal)

if all stot (jump/leap), to confuse predator and make it difficult to focus on any single individual

41
Q

What are some types of behavior directed at predators that are not necessarily signals?

A

(directed toward predator, but not specifically a signal)

1) startle
2) confusion effect

42
Q

What are some types of signals to con-specifics?

A

(con-specific signals)

1) social cohesion
2) alarm signal

43
Q

What are some non-signaling types of behavior?

A

(no signaling)

1) anti-ambush behavior
2) play behavior

44
Q

Social Cohesion

A

get the con-specifics to group as predator defense

45
Q

Alarm Signals

A

Stotting might warn offspring that a predator is nearby and young may stot to inform mother that they’ve been disturved and are moving hiding places

46
Q

Anti-ambush behavior

A

by getting up high, ungulate can look around and search for the predator

47
Q

Play Behavior

A

no immediate function (probably won’t happen around predator)

@EEB 100 (8 decks)

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