W2: ANATOMY AND COMMON CONDITIONS FOOT AND ANKLE Flashcards
What bones make up the subtalar joint and what are the main actions do ?
Talus and calcaneous.
Function: Eversion and inversion. When planting the foot, normally eversion
What bones make up the talocrural joint and what are the main actions do ?
Tibia, fibula and the talus
Function: Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
What are the 3 peroneal tendons and what are their functions
Peroneous tertius, Peroneous longus, Peroneous brevis
Function: Primary evertors, dorsiflexors but act as a stablising role. For example from sudden inversion stress.
Specifically:
Peroneous longus and brevis- eversion and plantarflexion
Peroneous Tertius - Eversion and dorsiflexion
What are the muscles for the anterior of the ankle and what are its functions? (and origin and insertion)
Extensor digitorum longus (Tibia to small toes) - Extend hallucis, dorsiflex foot, and inverts foot
Tibialis anterior (Lateral tibia to medial border of foot) - Dorsiflexion and inverson
Extensor Hallucis Longus (Tibia to big toe) - extend the foot at the ankle along with the 4 small. toes
What are the muscles for the posterior-medial of the ankle and what are its functions? (and origin and insertion)
Tibilalis posterior (Posterior surface of fibula and tibia to navicular bone) - Plantarflexion and inverts foot. Also supports the medial arch
Flexor digitorum longus (posterior surface of tibia to distal phalanger 2-5) - Flexes the 4 small toes as well as plantarflexion of foot.
Flexor Hallucis Longus (posterior surface of tibia to the posterior hallucis) - Flexes all the joints of the big toe as the foot raises from the ground
What is the plantar fascia and what is its function? How does it work?
Plantar fascia connects the heel of the foot to the base of your toes
Function - Maintain the longitudinal arch on the foot via windlass effect to provide propulsion in gait
What are the origin and insertion of the gastrocnemius and Soleus?
Gastrocnemius - Proximal to articular surfaces of the lateral and medial condyle of femur to posterior calcaneus
Soleus - Back of shin bone to achilles heels
Nerve origins of two thigh nerves. Describe how its special
Femoral nerve - From L2,3,4. Sometimes pain felt here can be originated from the back
Sciatic nerve - Lower lumbar spin. Splits into the peroneal nerve and tibial nerve
When would you need to see a doctor when you sprained your ankle (inversion)
When you cant plant foot due to pain
When an ankle sprain is experienced, to rule out whether it is a fracture, what tool should be used?
The Ottawa rule
What are some considerations when a child sprains his ankle
ankle doesnt swell as much so precaution is needed when assessing because the growth plates are not fully formed
Consider avulsion or impulse fracture
What might be different for a medial ankle sprain compared to a lateral?
It is less common than ATFL and requires a greater force for it to be injured as it is a strong ligament.
Rehab time can take longer especially. if the foot overpronates excessively
Describe the mechanism of injury of a Medial Tibial Stress syndrome.
MOI:
Gradual onset
Repetitive loading in running
Training errors
Signs and symptoms:
Diffuse pain medial distal third tibia
Worse at the start of training, improves during then worse after and in the morning.
Whats the difference between a Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome and a Medial Tibial Stress Fracture
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome: Although the pain can feel bony, the pain doesnt originate from the bone. Because the tendons struggle to work, the fascia become more restrictive
How should we manage a medial tibia stress syndrome?
low impact/rest/cross training/load management
taping
Acupuncture
Orthotics
Eccentric Strength training
Soft tissue massage (Transversely)
Stretching
