W2 Flashcards
It refers to the eruptive and non-eruptive activities that take place on a volcano.
Volcanic process
The dissolved gas is allowed to expand and forms small gas bubbles called ____ in the magma.
vesicles
During eruption, volcanic gases in the magma expand and break magma into tiny pieces called
tephra
are characterized by gas-driven explosion that propels magma and tephra.
explosive eruptions
It features the outpouring of lava without significant explosive eruption.
effusive eruption
It produce juvenile clasts during explosive decompression of gas within magma that propels it forward.
Magmatic eruptions
It is characterized by an explosive water-magma interaction through which large amounts of steam and magmatic gases are released.
Phreatomagmatic eruption
Phreatic eruption is also called
ultravulcanian eruption
It is observed when rising magma makes contact with ground or surface water.
Phreatic eruption
____ are a type of magmatic eruption named after the Kilauea on the Big Island of Hawaii which is popular for producing spectacular fire fountains
Hawaiian eruptions
These are the calmest of the eruption types.
Hawaiian eruption
It is a relatively smooth lava flow that cools down forming typical smooth billowy or ropey surfaces.
Pahoehoe lava
When these two factors change, the same original lava can produce another lava type known as
a’a-lava
It is characterized by a fragmented, rough, sometimes, spiny or blocky surface composed of broken lava blocks.
a’a-lava
spiny or blocky surface composed of broken lava blocks called
clinker
They are eruptions driven by the bursting of gas bubbles within the magma
Strombolian eruption
When these bubbles accumulate, they produce large bubbles called ____ which can grow into size large enough to rise through the lava column.
gas slugs
It is known for short-lived and explosive eruptions of lava with intermediate viscosity.
Strombolian Eruption
The word strombolian is derived from the volcano
Stromboli in Sicily
It is named after the Italian island Vulcano which is also believed to be the home to the Greek god of fire, Hephaestus
Vulcanian
It is an explosive eruption that occurs when the pressure of entrapped gases in a relatively viscous magma becomes sufficient to blow off the overlying crust of solidified lava.
Vulcanian eruption
Pelean eruptions are also called
Nuee Ardente eruption
This eruption occurs when a large quantity of gas, dust, ash, and lava fragments are blown out of a volcano’s central crater.
Pelean eruption
weeks before its eruption, the volcano emits ash followed by a combination of dome formation and lateral blasts.
Pelean eruption
They are considered the most explosive and powerful of all eruptions.
Plinian eruption
The strongest types with a VEI of 8 are so called
Ultra Plinian eruption
These eruption often start suddenly and unexpectedly after a long period of dormancy.
Plinian eruption
They occur when utmost viscous magma containing a lot of gas explodes in the depth of the volcano by which the crater pipe operates as the barrel of a shotgun.
Versuvian eruption
They are a kind of a hydromagmatic eruptions where magma interacts explosively with shallow groundwater or surface water.
Surtseyan eruptions
They occur when an undersea volcano has finally matured enough to break the surface of the water.
Surtseyan
are the types of volcanic eruptions that takes place beneath the surface of water.
Submarine Eruption
Submarine eruptions may produce ____, typically extinct volcanoes that rise from a seafloor.
seamounts
smaller submarine volcanoes are called
sea knolls
flat-topped seamounts are called
guyots
are a type of volcanic eruption which feature the interaction between lava and ice often under a glacier.
Subglacial eruption/glaciovolcanism
This type of eruption occurs at areas of high latitude and high altitude.
Subglacial eruption
They are also called steam-blast eruption are those driven by explosive expanding steam resulting from cold ground or surface water coming into contact
Phreatic eruption
During the intermediate stage of compaction, there is a layer called ____ that does not meet the density requirements of either a snow or an ice.
firn
It is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water
Phreatic (AKA HYDROTHERMAL)
It is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma resulting in a violent fine ash eruption
Phreatomagmatic
It is a period of weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava.
Strombolian
It is characterized by a tall eruption that reaches up to 20km high with pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra
Vulcanian eruption
It is an excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics.
Plinian
Erupt 10’s-1000’s km3 of magma
Explosive Eruptions
Send ash clouds >25 km into the stratosphere
Explosive Eruptions
What are the three products from an explosive eruption?
Ash fall, pyroclastic flow, and pyroclstic surge
