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Genetics and genomes > W1LAB - Genetic aspects of atypical mitosis and meiosis > Flashcards

W1LAB - Genetic aspects of atypical mitosis and meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the phases of cell cycle?

A

Interphase: G1, S, G2
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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2
Q

What are the phases of typical mitosis?

A
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3
Q

Give the structure of chromosome

A
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4
Q

Give the number of DNA content and chromosomal number of this haploid cell through each phase

A
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5
Q

Describe the Structure of mitotic spindle

A
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6
Q

What are the 7 types of mitosis?

A
  1. Typical
  2. Atypical
  3. Endomitosis (endoreduplication)
  4. No cytokinesis
  5. Multipolar division
  6. Bridge formation
  7. Non-disjunction
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7
Q

What are the consequences of typical and atypical types of mitosis?

A
  1. Typical -> Genetically identical cells.
  2. Atypical -> Genetically not identical cells (In multicellular organism causes mosaicism)
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8
Q

What is the description of Endomitosis (Endoreduplication)?

A

DNA is duplicated, but during M-phase the nuclear envelope remains intact.
1) No separation of chromatids
2) Separation of chromatids

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9
Q

What are the consequences of Endomitosis (Endoreduplication)?

A
  • Giant cell, giant nucleus
  • Polythene (giant) chromosomes (if there is No separation of chromatids)
  • More chromosomes (polyploid cell) <- if there is Separation of chromatids
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10
Q

What is this?

A

Polythene (giant) chromosomes
-> consequence of endomitosis

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11
Q

What is this?

A

giant cell derived by endomitosis
(a consequence of Endomitosis)

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12
Q

What are the consequence and description of mitosis which has no cytokinesis?

A
  • Description: Mitosis is not followed by cytokinesis.
  • Consequence: Multinucleated (giant) cells.
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13
Q

What are the consequence and description of mitosis which has Multipolar division?

A
  • Description: Due to atypical duplication and division of centrosome chromosomes are pulled to more than two poles
  • Consequence: abnormal chromosome number
    in the arising cells.
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14
Q

What is this?

A

Tripolar metaphase

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15
Q

What is this?

A

Tripolar metaphase

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16
Q

What are the 3 consequences of mitotic spindle errors?

A
  1. Anaphase-lag
  2. Non-disjunction
  3. Bridge formation
17
Q

What is the consequence of bridge formation?

A

Acentric fragment
-> Cause micronucleis

18
Q

What are the consequence and description of mitosis which has Bridge formation?

A
  • Description: A chromatid is pulled from two poles.
  • Consequence: Breakage of chromosome (structural chromosomal aberration)
19
Q

What are the consequence and description of mitosis which has Mitotic Non-disjunction?

A
  • Description: Lack of kinetochor microtubules attachment to a chromatid.
  • Consequence: abnormal chromosome number
20
Q

What is the result of meiosis?

A

4 genetically different haploid cells

21
Q

What are the essentials of meiosis?

A
  • Two divisions – meiosis I and II
  • Chromosome number is halved
  • Genetic variability – homologous recombination - independent assortment of chromosomes
    => synapsis
22
Q

Give the numbers of DNA content and chromosome number of this cell?

A
23
Q

What is the cause of aneuploid genom mutations?

A

Meiotic nondisjunction

24
Q

Describe Meiotic non-disjunction

A
  • Results of meiotic I and meiotic II non-disjunction are different
  • Meiotic non-disjunction may occur both in oogenesis and spermatogenesis BUT MORE FREQUENT IN OOGENESIS
  • Sex chromosome non-disjunction is more frequent in spermatogenesis
25
Q

Typical and atypical mitotic phases in cell culture
52. HeLa monolayer (MGG)
-> Identify

A

1 = early prophase
2 = metaphase (side view).

26
Q

Typical and atypical mitotic phases in cell culture
52. HeLa monolayer (MGG)
-> Identify

A

1 = metaphase (from above)
2 = metaphase (side view).

27
Q

Typical and atypical mitotic phases in cell culture
52. HeLa monolayer (MGG)
-> Identify

A

1 = telophase
3 = metaphase (side view)
4 = telophase

28
Q

Typical and atypical mitotic phases in cell culture
52. HeLa monolayer (MGG)
-> Identify

A

1 = anaphase.

29
Q

Typical and atypical mitotic phases in cell culture
52. HeLa monolayer (MGG)
-> Identify

A

1 = multinucleated cells
2 = nucleus with many nucleoli
3 = cytoplasm.

30
Q

Typical and atypical mitotic phases in cell culture
52. HeLa monolayer (MGG)
-> Identify

A

1 = giant cell derived by endomitosis

31
Q

Typical and atypical mitotic phases in cell culture
52. HeLa monolayer (MGG)
-> Identify

A

1 = anaphase bridge

32
Q

Typical and atypical mitotic phases in cell culture
52. HeLa monolayer (MGG)
-> Identify

A

1 = tetrapolar mitosis, metaphase
2 = nucleus
3 = cytoplasm (binucleated cell)

33
Q

Typical and atypical mitotic phases in cell culture
52. HeLa monolayer (MGG)
-> Identify

A

1 = metaphase
2 = tripolar metaphase
3 = acentric fragment
4 = cytoplasm
5 = interphase nucleus with nucleoli.

34
Q

Give Number of DNA molecules in one cell

A
35
Q

Give the Number of chromosomes in one cell

A
36
Q

Give the Number of chromatids in chromosome

A
37
Q

Give the number of Ploidy

A
38
Q

What is true for the ploidy during meiosis I.?

A

Genetics and genomes (19 decks)

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