W12L2 climate change adaptation Flashcards
Adaptation: plasticity versus evolution
-Climate change adaptation occurs both by adaptive plasticity and by genetic change
Plasticity: extent to which the same genotype produces different phenotypes when exposed to different environments
-plasticity can occur within and between generation
Way to assess climatic adaptation
1/ longitudinal studies of population
2/ spatial studies
3/ Laboratory and experimental studies
Plasticity : acclimation and hardening
- Heat shock of 1 hour in 38C, the hardening capacity in adult have a CTMAX of 0.4
-fly develop in high temperature have a Acclimation capacity of CTMAX 1C
Owl plumage colour evolution
- two coat color variation: grey and brown
-decrease in snow depth in their environment
-the color variation have different fitness depend on the snow depth
-brown have less fitness in high snow depth > increase in brown owl
Blackcap migration to overwintering sites study
-move to the south during summer to escape the cold (from Germany to Spain)
-Due to warming, blackcap the stay in Germany or England
-Offspring share the same migration pattern as their parent
-Show genetic change in migration direction
Shift in genetic clines in drosophilla
- change in gene frequency across time, in gene involve in climate adaptation
What are spatial studies
-General notion that populations of animals and plants are usually locally adapted to climate implies spatial variation
-Lots of indirect evidence from invasive species – whose distributions don’t match climatic predictions from their original home range
-For plants, common garden experiments provide evidence – but less so for animals
-Experimental manipulations that incorporate fitness, genetic variation, gene flow and selection still rare (so “space for time” extrapolations to rate problematical)
Alpine spatial studies
-longer leaf in higer altitudes, higer circumference in higer altitude
- using common garden and reciprocal transplant to see if differences are due to genetic variation or plasticity
- result suggest that differences are mainly due to genetic differences but ther are some level of plasticity
-look at fitness (survival) to see if there is local adaptation (there is)
Other population processes can also
drive clinal patterns
-Two origins with different trait values/ alleles frequency
-movement (gene flow ) between pop
-non adaptive cline is produce
Section experiment and experimental evolution
-Selection can indicate potential to respond, provide estimates of h2, evolvability and genetic correlations
-Trait changes as an endpoint in experiments
-Measure other traits as correlated responses
Heat resistance selection
-compare 3 line under selection and compare it with control line
-showed that there are heritability of the trait but eventually, it plateu
desiccation resistance selection
-measure the different desiccation resistance of selective line in different drosophila species
-showed that all line able to respond to desiccation but different in respond speed
-one species did not respond> no heritable in the trait
BUT all tropical species have lower desiccation tolerance compare to other
Experimental evolution and longitudinal
- kept water bug at ambient condition and a amibient +4 condition
-see that CTMAX increase, put them back in the same condition, remeasure CTMAX
-CTMAX also increase, show water bug have rapid evolution
-water bug egg have long live stand, measure the CTMAX of those in the 1950 to current, CTMAX has increased
Experimental evolution experiment on drosophila
-look at how drosophila react to increase in temperature, does their location influences this and any evolutionary respond
-showed no evolutionary responses to warming as all went extinct
Management: pre-adaptation by moving genotypes to maintain ecosystem function
- gum tree are dying due to higher temperature
-take species that are adapted to higher temperature and reintroduce it to the Naboo hill, plant dependent on different climate change scenario
