W11 Flashcards
What’s distributed practice?
Distributed practice involves spaced learning sessions with breaks between study sessions, proving to be more effective than cramming.
Allows for rest and sleep, facilitating consolidation.
What’s the importance of testing and feedback?
Testing is more effective than additional learning trials due to the generation effect where you have better memory if you came up with it yourself, enhancing memory retention.
Effect of motivation?
Motivation has no direct effect if full attention is given to a task, suggesting that attention plays a crucial role in learning.
Effect of arousal?
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, there’s an optimum level of arousal for optimal performance, but implicit learning depends less on arousal.
Effect of meaningfulness (In what you learn)?
Material is easier to learn if it’s meaningful and can be related to existing knowledge, following the organization principle.
What’s dual (re)coding?
Dual coding, proposed by Paivio (1969), involves storing verbal information in a symbolic verbal code and visual information in an analogue mental image, leading to better retention when represented in both codes.
What’s levels of processing - craik & lockhart 1972?
Levels of processing theory suggests that the depth of processing during learning affects memorability, with deeper processing resulting in stronger memory traces.
Evidence from Craik and Tulving (1975) demonstrated that semantic processing leads to better memory retention compared to shallow processing.
What’s the encoding specificity principle?
Encoding specificity principle highlights the relation between acquisition and retrieval, indicating that better retrieval occurs when the test cue matches the encoding context.
Memory retrieval is enhanced when there’s a match between the cue information during testing and the context in which the information was learned.
