W10 - The Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the two sections of the structural respiratory system?

Answer 1

The upper and lower respiratory system

Question 2

What are the two sections of the functional respiratory system?

Answer 2

The conducting and respiratory zone

Question 3

What stops the Trachea from collapsing on itself?

Answer 3

C-shaped cartilaginous rings

Question 4

How many lobes does the left lung have and name the lobes?

Answer 4

2, left superior and left inferior lobe

Question 5

How many lobes does the right lung have and name the lobes?

Answer 5

3, right superior, right middle and right inferior

Question 6

What is so good about the pleural fluid?

Answer 6

It allows the lungs parietal and visceral pleura to slide along one another and also helps cling the lungs to the thoracic wall which means the lungs will expand and recoil along with the thoracic cavity when breathing

Question 7

Sympathetic fibres function?

Answer 7

dilates the bronchioles vias relaxing the smooth muscle within the fibres (greater air flow)

Question 8

Parasympathetic fibres function?

Answer 8

constricts the bronchioles via contracting smooth muscles (less air flow)

Question 9

What muscles are used during inspiration?

Answer 9

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

Question 10

What muscles are used during expiration?

Answer 10

All muscles relax - no energy required

Question 11

What muscles are used during forced expiration?

Answer 11

Internal intercostal muscles contract

Question 12

What is resistance?

Answer 12

opposition to gas flow due to friction between the air and the airway walls and is dependent upon airway diameter

Question 13

How to decrease or increase resistance?

Answer 13

Use the Autonomic nervous system to either constrict or dilate bronchioles

Question 14

What is compliance?

Answer 14

It is a measure of the ability the lungs and or thoracic cavity can expand or stretch

Question 15

What affects compliance?

Answer 15

lung elasticity, alveolar surface tension (surfactant production) and flexibility of muscle and joints of the thoracic wall

Question 16

What is alveolar surface tension?

Answer 16

It is the surface tension between water molecules in the alveolar fluid. It tries to reduce alveoli to smallest possible size and makes alveolar expansion during inspiration more difficult.

Question 17

What is surfactant?

Answer 17

It is a lipid-protein complex that reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid which prevents alveolar from collapsing and reduces the effort required to expand the alveoli

Question 18

What is tidal volume?

Answer 18

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during quiet breathing. Approximately 500mL

Question 19

What is vital capacity?

Answer 19

Max amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiratory effort. Approximately 3100-4800mL

Question 20

What is residual volume?

Answer 20

The amount of gas left in the lungs after normal expiration. Approximately 1200mL

Question 21

What is hypoxia?

Answer 21

blusish skin and mucous membranes and nails. due to reduced oxygen in the blood

Question 22

When PCO2 increases what happens to H+ and pH?

Answer 22

H+ increases and pH decreases (less CO2 is made)

Question 23

What happens to PCO2 when pH increases?

Answer 23

Will cause a decrease in CO2

Question 24

When PCO2 decreases what happens to H+ and pH?

Answer 24

H+ decreases and pH increases (more CO2 is made)

Question 25

What happens to PCO2 when pH decreases?

Answer 25

Will cause an increase in CO2

Question 26

List some factors that influence breathing rate and depth.

Answer 26

CO2, H+ and O2 via chemoreceptors
Stretch and inflammation receptors in the lungs via stretch receptors
Emotions via the limbic system and hypothalamus
Choice (voluntary control) via the primary motor cortex