W10 - The Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the two sections of the structural respiratory system?
The upper and lower respiratory system
What are the two sections of the functional respiratory system?
The conducting and respiratory zone
What stops the Trachea from collapsing on itself?
C-shaped cartilaginous rings
How many lobes does the left lung have and name the lobes?
2, left superior and left inferior lobe
How many lobes does the right lung have and name the lobes?
3, right superior, right middle and right inferior
What is so good about the pleural fluid?
It allows the lungs parietal and visceral pleura to slide along one another and also helps cling the lungs to the thoracic wall which means the lungs will expand and recoil along with the thoracic cavity when breathing
Sympathetic fibres function?
dilates the bronchioles vias relaxing the smooth muscle within the fibres (greater air flow)
Parasympathetic fibres function?
constricts the bronchioles via contracting smooth muscles (less air flow)
What muscles are used during inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
What muscles are used during expiration?
All muscles relax - no energy required
What muscles are used during forced expiration?
Internal intercostal muscles contract
What is resistance?
opposition to gas flow due to friction between the air and the airway walls and is dependent upon airway diameter
How to decrease or increase resistance?
Use the Autonomic nervous system to either constrict or dilate bronchioles
What is compliance?
It is a measure of the ability the lungs and or thoracic cavity can expand or stretch
What affects compliance?
lung elasticity, alveolar surface tension (surfactant production) and flexibility of muscle and joints of the thoracic wall
What is alveolar surface tension?
It is the surface tension between water molecules in the alveolar fluid. It tries to reduce alveoli to smallest possible size and makes alveolar expansion during inspiration more difficult.
What is surfactant?
It is a lipid-protein complex that reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid which prevents alveolar from collapsing and reduces the effort required to expand the alveoli
What is tidal volume?
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during quiet breathing. Approximately 500mL
What is vital capacity?
Max amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiratory effort. Approximately 3100-4800mL
What is residual volume?
The amount of gas left in the lungs after normal expiration. Approximately 1200mL
What is hypoxia?
blusish skin and mucous membranes and nails. due to reduced oxygen in the blood
When PCO2 increases what happens to H+ and pH?
H+ increases and pH decreases (less CO2 is made)
What happens to PCO2 when pH increases?
Will cause a decrease in CO2
When PCO2 decreases what happens to H+ and pH?
H+ decreases and pH increases (more CO2 is made)
What happens to PCO2 when pH decreases?
Will cause an increase in CO2
List some factors that influence breathing rate and depth.
CO2, H+ and O2 via chemoreceptors
Stretch and inflammation receptors in the lungs via stretch receptors
Emotions via the limbic system and hypothalamus
Choice (voluntary control) via the primary motor cortex
