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MRI > W10 lower extremity anatomy and pathologides > Flashcards

W10 lower extremity anatomy and pathologides Flashcards

1
Q

what compose the knee joint?

A

femur, tibia, fibula, patella

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2
Q

what are two knee joint ligaments and where are they?

A

ACL – lateral femoral condyle to medial tibial condyle

PCL – antero-lateral femoral condyle to tibial plateau

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3
Q

what do meniscus in the knee do? what material and what shape?

A

Cushion join space= fibrocartilaginous and crescent shaped

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4
Q

what are two meniscus in the knee? what shape and where are they?

A

Medial – c-shaped, between femur medial condyle and tibial medial aspect
Lateral – circular and more mobile. Arises ligaments of Wrisberg and Humphry

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5
Q

what are the three gluteus muscles and where are they?

A

Gluteus maximus – from external ilium, dorsal sacrum and lateral coccyx, into gluteal tuberosity of femur. Posterior to iliotibial tract. Covers gluteus medius.
Gluteus minimus – from external ilium b/w ant and post gluteal lines, into lateral greater trochanter
Gluteus medius – from external ilium b/w inf and ant gluteal lines, into antero-lateral greater trochanter

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6
Q

what are two deep muscles and where are they?

A

Piriformis – superior deep muscle. From ant sacrum b/w ant sacral foramina, into medial superior greater trochanter
Quadratus femoris – most inferior deep muscle. From lateral sacrum, ant to ischial tuberosity, into intertrochanteric crest of proximal femur

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7
Q

what are the quadriceps and where are they?

A 
Vastus medius – from anteromedial intertrochanteric line, into patella via quadriceps tendon
Vastus intermedius – from upper 2/3 anterolateral femur, into patella via quadriceps tendon
Vastus lateralis (largest) – from greater trochanter and linea aspera, into patella via quadriceps tendon
Rectus femoris – from anteroinferior iliac spine into patella via quad tendon
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8
Q

what is the patellar tendon?

A

continuation of quadriceps tendon below patella.

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9
Q

where is the sartorius?

A

most superficial in anterior thigh. From asis, into tibial medial surface

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10
Q

where is the gracilis?

A

most superficial in medial thigh, descends vertically. From pubic ramus and body, into tibial body medial surface.

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11
Q

what are the three hamstrings muscles? where are they?

A

Biceps femoris – short head from ischial tuberosity, long head from femoral linea aspera, both into fibula head and tibial lateral condyle
Semitendinosus – from ischial tuberosity, into tibial medial surface proximal part
Semimembranosus – from ischial tuberosity, into tibial medial condyle

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12
Q

what are the three lower leg muscles?

A

Soleus – from fibula head and tibial medial border, into calcaneus via Achilles tendon
Gastrocnemius – from femur medial and lateral condyles and knee capsule, into calcaneus via Achilles tendon
Tibialis anterior – from tibial lateral condyle and body, and interosseous membrane, into first metatarsal and first cuneiform

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13
Q

what is the ankle composed of?

A

tibia, fibula, talus

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14
Q

what is the achilles tendon formed by? Where does it attach to?

A

junction of plantaris, gastrocnemius and soleus. Attaches to calcaneus posteriorly.

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15
Q

what bones are in the foot?

A

= calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, three cuneiform bones, metatarsals, phalanges and distal phalanges

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16
Q

what is especially prone to stress fractures in the foot?

A

base of 5th metatarsal

17
Q

what are the four types of meniscal tear?

A

Horizontal tear= parallel to tibial plateau, divides meniscus into superior and inferior.
Longitudinal tear= perpendicular to tibial plateau, divides meniscus into medial and lateral.
Complex= combination of both horizontal and longitudinal.
Bucket handle= displaced longitudinal tear.

18
Q

what are the two types of ACL tear?

A

Complete tear= ACL coils, fluid within and surrounding.

Partial tear= ACL thicken and frayed, fluid within and surrounding.

19
Q

rare disease of joint lining (membranes, tendons or bursae) that can cause hemosiderin= ? affect what joints?

A

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS)

knee, shoulder, hip and elbow

20
Q

inflammation of skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles)= ? cause? appearance in T1, T2 and T1 post-gad?

A

myositis

  • cause: autoimmune (eg. lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis), infection (HIV, drug), injury
  • T1= hypo due to fluid, edema surrounding bone marrow, cortical bone destruction
  • T2= hyper due to edema
  • T1 post-gad= hyper due to bone marrow and abscess
21
Q

thickening of tissue around nerve (nerve tumor) in bottom of the foot,
most between 3rd and 4th toes= ? symptoms? treatment?

A

morton’s neuroma

  • feels like walking on marbles/ pebbles
  • treatments cortisone injections, special footwear, surgery
22
Q

cartilage and thin layer of the bone becomes loose from bone= ? cause? common population? affects what joint?

A

Osteochondritis dissecans

  • caused by poor blood flow
  • mostly in young men, post-injury
  • affects knee, elbow, shoulder, hip, ankle
23
Q

loss of blood in bone= ? common in what part of the bone? common sites?

A

Avascular necrosis

  • common near a joint, mostly epiphysis of long bones (eg femur)
  • common sites knee and hip joints
24
Q

malignant bone tumor (femur common, also tibia and humerus)= ? appearance on T1, T1 post-gad, T2?

A

osteosarcoma

  • T1= intermediate signal, solid component enhancing post-gad
  • T2= surrounding edema
25
Q

malignancy in bone mostly in children= ? What part of bone does it invade? appearance on T1 and T2?

A

Ewing’s sarcoma

affects pelvic bone, long bones, scapula, ribs, vertebrae

  • invade bone cortex, destroy bone - weaken, pathological fractures
  • T1= hypointense
  • T2= hyperintense
26
Q

= benign bone growth in epiphyseal plate (children)

What type of bone tissues in the growth?
Cartilage cap thickens becomes?
Cause?
What’s common? One or more?

A

Osteochondroma

  • additional bone portion may contain bone cortex and medullary component with cartilage cap
  • cartilage cap thickens= malignancy
  • can be congenital
  • one lesion in knee common
27
Q

= benign growth in distal femur or proximal tibia metaphysics region, once epiphyseal plate closed

Common population?
Does it involve joint?

A

giant cell tumor/ osteoclastoma

  • common in young adults
  • do not involve joint
  • MRI determines extend of bone marrow involvement and soft tissues
28
Q

small (<1.5 cm) round lesion from osteoblastic cells= ? common bones?

A

osteoma/ osteoid

in mostly femur and tibia

  • lucent center, dense outer layer of cortical thickening
  • T1= center similar signal to musle
29
Q

glenoid fossa not supporting femoral head - dislocated superiorly= ? what is seen surrounding the joint?

A

hip dysplasia

acetabular edema

30
Q

bone bruises with edema= ? what technique useful to distinguish from fat? appearance on T1 and T2?

A

bone contusions

  • fat sat tells fatty lesion vs bone marrow pathology
  • T1= hypointense
  • T2= hyperintense
31
Q

Fracture from disease (eg. osteosarcoma) weakening bone cortex= ?

What type of bones more prone?

A

pathological fractures

weight-bearing bones more prone

32
Q

overuse, sports, weigh-bearing (ie. calcaneus and base of 5th) fractures= ? appearance on T2?

A

stress fractures

  • T2 (non fat sat) show fracture line within edema
33
Q

excessive fluid in joint space due to age, arthritis, trauma, HIV, drug= ? where does excess fluid travel in the ankle?

A

bone effusion

  • normal joint space show synovial fluid
  • excess fluid travel upward pushing on muscles and tendons (Achilles)
34
Q

synovial sac with fluid in popliteal fossa, at/ below knee joint= ?

A

baker’s cyst

35
Q

what are three grades of collateral ligament tear and their appearances?

A

grade 1 - strain, high signal along ligament
grade 2- strain with fiber damage
grade 3- strain with destruction of fibers

36
Q

What does diabetic foot lead to?

A
  • in patients with diabetes mellitus (type 2)
  • can lead to osteomyelitis and destroys bones due to inflammation
  • neuropathic joint affect intertarsal joints causing erosion and possible dislocation
37
Q

intraosseous cyst with pus, common in children= ? what is it related to? common in what bones?

A

osteomyelitis/ Brodie cyst

  • realted to chronic osteomyelitis
  • common in tibia (metaphysis), carpals, tarsal

MRI (8 decks)

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