W1 PP1 Flashcards
Collective Activity
The effect of cells working together as a group. Accomplish more
Complementarity
The concept that biochemical activity of all cells is dictated by specific sub-cellular structures
The Cell Theory has 4 basic concepts
1) cell is basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
2) the activity of any organism depends on both the individual and collective activities of cells
3) complementarity is the concept that biochemical activity of all cells is dictated by specific cellular structures
4) the continuity of life from one generation to the next has a cellular basis
Robert Hooke
Discovered the cell
Matthias Schleiden
Said plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann
Said all animals are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow
All cells come from other cells
Debunked theory of spontaneous generation
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
One called animals called “animalcules”
Father of microbiology
Characteristics of all living organisms
- Cellukar organization
- contain similar chemicals
- use energy
- grow and develop
- respond to their surroundings
- reproduce
All cells have
A surrounding membrane
Protoplasm/cytoplasm
Organelles
Control center with DNA
Cell Wall
Found only in plant cells
Plant cells are surrounded by both a cells wall and a cell membrane
Animal cells only have cell membrane
Does the cell have the ability to adapt
Yes like in the case of a patient who has had a stroke. The neuron maintains neuroplasticity. The brain will learn new functions and pathways of communication
Eukaryotes have higher functions than prokaryotes
Prokaryote has no nucleus but DNA located in a center called nucleoid
Prokaryote characteristics
Nucleoid Lack histones Few organelles Oldest cell type on earth Often single cells organism Simple primitive cells when compared to euks
Examples of prokaryotes
Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae
4 basic shapes of bacteria
Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (rod-shaped)
Spirochete (spiral)
Vibrio (comma-shaped)
Eukaryote characteristics
Organelles
Well defined nucleus with several chromosomes (largest organelle)
Higher animal, plants, fungi, Protozoa, &algae
Differences in biochemical activity of eukaryotes
-Protein synthesis
-Transport across outer cell membrane
-Enzyme content/present
Prokaryotes do not
Cell membrane is
Selectively permeable
Lipid bilayer
% of each component depends on cell function
Fluid mosaic model
Lipid bilayer has which lipids?
Phospholipids, glycolioids. And cholesterol
Amount of all components depends on cell function and exposure
What are some enzymesthat redistribute lipids across the membrane
Flippases, floppases, and
Scramblases
These enzymes make the membrane assymmetrical which could signal the cell for communal tasks like apoptosis
What are some proteins in the membrane
Integral and peripheral
Endocytosis
Enters cell
Exocytosis
Leaves cell
The lipid bilayer
Is part of the fluid mosaic model.
Lipid bilayer is 2 dimension & what gives the cell membrane is fluidity & elasticity.
The fluid mosaic model describes how the cytoskeleton
Relates to the cell membrane and affects cell processes such as signaling, apoptosis, and cell division
Areas with special lipid and protein composition that restricts lateral diffusion in the membrane
Lipid rafts
What regulates membrane fluidity?
The amount of cholesterol. The cell membrane is always dynamic and moving never hard
Lipids are
- Amphipathic
- Allow for the diffusion of simple gases and prevent the diffusion of water
- molecular glue
- membrane lipid rafts. Allows membrane to transport some molecules
Protein functions in cell membrane
Slides say they’re all integral
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Surface Markers
- Receptors
- Transport channels
- carriers
- enzymes
- catalysts
Plasma membrane helps
Main role: Minimize misfolding and protein aggregation
Regulated by:
-Ribosomes (makers)
-Chaperones (helpers)
-Proteolytic systems
1 lysosomes
2 Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS)
Malfunction of protein homeostasis associated with human disease
Phospholipids
1) biologic containment
2) transport
- diffusion
- ion pumps
- channels
- endocytosis
- exocytosis
3) Identification of self
4) Signaling
- integral proteins
- Vesicles
- phagocytosis
What does scramblase do?
Scramblase redirects phosphatidylserine from the inside the bilayer to the outside marks the cell for phagocytosis
Cholesterol is present in the plasma membrane
Has a steroid-ring structure Determines fluidity Strengthens bilayer Decreases permeability Stabilized and regulates integral proteins
Carbohydrates
Protection
Lubrication
Recognition
Adhesion
Double membrane inside the cell
Nuclear envelope. Enclosed child filled layer called nucleoplasm
Cytoplasm
Cytosol + organelles
Mitochondria
Cellular energy metabolism ATP generation Osmotic Regulation pH control Calcium homeostasis Cell signaling Apoptosis
Mitochondrial diseases
Check picture
4 major cellular metabolisms
Digestion
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Metabolism has two parts
Catabolism and anabolism
Anabolism
Energy using
Build things up?
Catabolism
Energy releasing
Break things down?
Digestion
Extracellular breakdown of proteins, fats, polysaccharides to subunits
Glycolysis
Intercellular breakdown of subunits to pyruvate
Anaerobic
Limited ATP produced
95% of solutes in bloody fluid are
Electrolytes
What are electrolytes measured in
Millequivalents per liter
Monovalent charge (+)
Divalent (++)
Hydrostatic pressure and blood pressure are examples of
Filtration
Osmolality vs osmolarity
Osmolality is weight! Per kilogram
Osmolarity is volume! Per liter
Endocytosis
Visible formed and moved into the cell
- pinocytosis: ingestion of fluids
- phagocytosis: ingestion if large particles
Exocytosis
Replaces plasma membrane removed by endocytosis
Releases synthesized molecules into extracellular matrix
Cellular communications
Cell to cell
Membrane bound receptors
Secreted molecules bypass other membrane
GAP junctions
Contact dependent Paracrine vs autocrine Hormonal Neurohirmine secretion Neurotransmitter
G1, S, G2, mitosis
G1 cell growth
S DNA Replication
G2 preparation for mitosis
Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Cellular division rates depend on
Protein growth rates
Genetic factors
Epigenetic factor
