Module 5-8 Quest Flashcards
When a patient asks what the somatic nervous system controls, how should the nurse respond? It controls:
skeletal muscle
A nurse is preparing to teach about nerves. Which information should the nurse include? The axon leaves the cell body at the:
The axon hillock is the cone-shaped process where the axon leaves the cell body.
The Nissl body is involved in protein synthesis.
Axons branch at the node of Ranvier.
The myelin sheath covers the entire membrane.
When a student asks in which region of the neuron do nerve impulses travel the fastest, how should the nurse respond? The: Large Axon Axon Hillock Cell Body Dendrites
Large axons transmit impulses at a faster rate.
The axon hillock has a low threshold level.
The cell body is not the fastest.
The dendrites carry impulses toward the cell body, but not as quickly as large axons.
A neurologist is teaching the staff about motor neurons. Which information should be included? Motor neurons are structurally classified as _____ neurons.
- A motor neuron is typically multipolar.
- Unipolar neurons are found in the retina.
- Pseudounipolar neurons have one process; the dendritic portion of each of these neurons extends away from the CNS, and the axon portion projects into the CNS.
- Bipolar neurons are found in the eye.
An experiment looking at an isolated neuron revealed a sensory nerve with one process containing a dendritic portion extending away from the CNS and an axon extending toward the CNS. Which of the following classifications would this neuron fall into?
Pseudounipolar neurons have one process; the dendritic portion of each of these neurons extends away from the CNS, and the axon portion projects into the CNS.
Bipolar neurons have two distinct processes arising from the cell body.
Multipolar neurons are the most common and have multiple processes capable of extensive branching. A motor neuron is typically multipolar.
Interpolar is not a type of neuron.
A cell was isolated from the CNS. A researcher revealed that its main function was to clear cellular debris. What type of cell is the researcher studying?
- Microglia remove debris (phagocytosis) in the CNS.
- Astrocytes are neuroglial cells and do not have phagocytic properties.
- Ependymal cells are neuroglial cells and do not have phagocytic properties.
- Schwann cells help form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Which answer indicates a nurse understands regeneration of neurons? Neurons that have the capacity for regeneration include:
Regeneration is limited to myelinated fibers and generally occurs only in the PNS.
Regeneration does not occur in unmyelinated neurons.
Regeneration does not occur in myelinated neurons in the spinal cord.
Regeneration does not occur in postganglionic motor neurons.
When a presynaptic neuron is stimulated in a patient’s body by an electrical current, neurotransmitters are released from the:
When an impulse originates in a presynaptic neuron, the impulse reaches the vesicles, where chemicals (neurotransmitters) are stored in the synaptic bouton.
Neurons are not physically continuous with one another. The region between adjacent neurons is called a synapse.
The synaptic cleft is the space between the neurons.
Neurotransmitters attach to the receptor.
If a neuron’s membrane potential is held as close to the threshold potential by excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), the neuron is said to be:
Facilitation refers to the effect of EPSP on the plasma membrane potential.
The postsynaptic neuron’s plasma membrane may be inhibited, which is called hyperpolarized.
When the neuron’s membrane potential is held close to the threshold potential the neuron is facilitated, not integrated.
When the neuron’s membrane potential is held close to the threshold potential, the neuron is facilitated, not inhibited.
A 20-year-old male was brought to the emergency room (ER) for severe burns. He requested something for the excruciating pain he was experiencing. Blocking which of the following neurotransmitters would reduce his pain?
Enkephalin, Dopamine, Acetylcholine, & Substance P
Substance P is a neurotransmitter in pain transmission pathways. Blocking the release of substance P by morphine reduces pain.
The opiates morphine and heroin bind to endorphin and enkephalin receptors on presynaptic neurons and reduce pain by blocking the release of neurotransmitters.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in activity.
Acetylcholine plays a role in nerve conduction presynaptically.
A 19-year-old male college student reports to his primary care provider that he cannot stay awake in class regardless of how much sleep he gets. A drug that stimulates which of the following areas would best treat his problem?
The reticular activating system is responsible for wakefulness.
A 32-year-old female suffers from severe brain damage following a motor vehicle accident. After rehabilitation she notices that her thought processes and goal-oriented behavior are impaired. Which area does the nurse suspect is damaged?
The prefrontal area is responsible for goal-oriented behavior (e.g., ability to concentrate), short-term or recall memory, the elaboration of thought, and inhibition on the limbic areas of the CNS.
A patient is looking at a picture of the brain and points to the convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum. The nurse should tell the patient these are called:
gyri, which greatly increase the cortical surface area and the number of neurons.
A 45-year-old male was previously diagnosed with Parkinson disease. He has impaired fine repetitive motor movements. Which of the following areas does the nurse suspect is most likely damaged?
The basal ganglia system is believed to exert a stabilizing effect on motor movements. Parkinson disease and Huntington disease are conditions associated with defects of the basal ganglia. They are characterized by various involuntary or exaggerated motor movements.
A student nurse asks the nurse what controls reflex activities concerned with heart rate and blood pressure. What is the nurse’s best response?
The medulla oblongata controls reflex activities, such as heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.
A 12-year-old presents with hydrocephalus. Blockage of which of the following would cause this condition?
Cerebral aqueduct
A patient presents with altered respiratory patterns following head trauma. Based upon the symptoms, which of the following areas does the nurse suspect is injured?
The reticular formation is a large network of diffuse nuclei that control vital reflexes, such as those controlling cardiovascular function and respiration.
A nurse recalls characteristics of upper motor neurons include:
Upper motor neurons are completely contained within the CNS. Their primary roles are controlling fine motor movement and influencing/modifying spinal reflex arcs and circuits.
A nurse is teaching about the area of the spinal cord that contains cell bodies involved in the autonomic nervous system. Which of the following area is the nurse discussing?
The lateral horn contains cell bodies within the autonomic nervous system.
A neurologist is teaching about sensory pathways. Which information should the neurologist include? Sensory pathways in the spinal cord include the:
The spinothalamic tract carries nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus in the diencephalon.
A nurse is discussing the membrane that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum. What term should the nurse use to describe this membrane?
The tentorium cerebelli, a common landmark, is a membrane that separates the cerebellum below from the cerebral structures above.
What term should the nurse use when talking about the outermost membrane surrounding the brain?
The dura mater is the outer layer of the brain.
The arachnoid is a spongy, weblike structure that loosely follows the contours of the cerebral structures.
The pia mater adheres to the contours of the brain.
The falx cerebri dips between the two cerebral hemispheres along the longitudinal fissure.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can accumulate around the brain when there is injury to the sites of CSF reabsorption, which are called the:
CSF is reabsorbed through a pressure gradient between the arachnoid villi and the cerebral venous sinuses.
A nurse remembers the brain receives approximately ____% of the cardiac output.
~20% of the cardiac output.
The _____ ensures collateral blood flow from blood vessels supplying the brain.
The circle of Willis ensures collateral blood circulation in the brain.
Which cell type is the nurse discussing? A cell that is involved in forming the blood-brain barrier is the:
Astrocytes are involved in forming the blood-brain barrier.
When a patient’s vagus nerve is stimulated, what does the nurse expect to observe?
Stimulation of the vagus nerve increases gastrointestinal activity.
12 cranial nerves?
I Olfactory nerve. II. Optic nerve. III. Oculomotor nerve. IV. Trochlear nerve. V. Trigeminal nerve. VI. Abducens nerve. VII. Facial nerve. VIII. Vestibulocochlear
Which neurotransmitter is released when a patient’s parasympathetic motor neurons are stimulated?
Parasympathetic motor neurons release acetylcholine.
Which action will occur when a patient’s â-1 receptors are stimulated?
receptors results in increased strength of myocardial contraction
A patient begins taking a new drug that causes pupil dilation, vasoconstriction, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and goose bumps. Which of the following receptors are activated?
Alpha 1 stimulation leads to pupil dilation.
Alpha 2 stimulation leads to inhibition of intestinal secretions.
Beta 1 stimulation leads to miosis or pupillary constriction.
Beta 2 stimulation leads to pupillary constriction.
When a student asks which type of nerves transmit nerve impulses at the fastest rate, what is the best response by the nurse?
Large and myelinated nerves transmit impulses at the fastest rate.
Which of the following patients has the best chance of recovery from nerve injury? A patient with a(n):
Crush injuries to the nerve provide the greatest opportunity for recovery
The nurse is assessing the patient with a pen light. The integrity of which cranial nerve is being evaluated?
Oculomotor
It is true that the cerebellum
The cerebellum is responsible for balance and posture and conscious and unconscious muscle synergy. The pons controls respirations and is the location of cranial nerves V through VIII. The fibers of the corticospinal tract are made up in the basis pedunculi.
It is true that the brain’s Broca speech area
The Broca area is found on the left and is responsible for motor speech. Deficits in this area result in the inability to form words, also called expressive or motor aphasia. Hearing and receptive responding are not influenced by the Broca area.
Which part of the brain contains all cell bodies and dendrites of neurons
The gray matter contains cell bodies and dendrites of neurons. The white matter contains myelinated nerve fibers. The gyri are the convolutions of the cerebrum. The sulci are the grooves between adjacent gyri.
Which is an insulating substance for the neuron
Myelin is an insulating substance. Schwann and neuroglial cells provide structural support and nutrition for the neurons. The nodes of Ranvier are interruptions at regular intervals that occur in the myelin.
The midbrain contains the
The tegmentum, corpora quadrigemina, and basis pedunculi are all part of the midbrain. The cerebral hemispheres are part of the forebrain. The brainstem is composed of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and pons. The cerebellum is located in the hindbrain.
The major divisions of the brain include:
The three main divisions of the brain are forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The cerebral hemispheres are a portion of the forebrain. The brainstem is a component of the midbrain.
Which option is composed of endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
The Nissl substances, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, are involved in protein synthesis. Microfilaments are composed of structural proteins and responsible for support. The dendrites are extensions that carry nerve impulses toward the cell body. Microtubules are involved in transport of cellular products.
The neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic parasympathetic axon terminal is
Both the pre- and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system release acetylcholine. The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release acetylcholine, while the postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine. Dopamine is produced by the hypothalamus. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers cause the rapid release of epinephrine
Both the pre- and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system release acetylcholine. The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release acetylcholine, while the postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine. Dopamine is produced by the hypothalamus. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers cause the rapid release of epinephrine
Which is a characteristic of Wallerian degeneration?
Swelling, myelin sheath shrinkage, axon portion degeneration, over production of axons
What is a function of the thalamus
The thalamus is a major integrating center for afferent impulses. Maintenance of the internal environment is a function of the hypothalamus. Voluntary visual motor movements are controlled by the superior colliculi. Movements of the auditory system are accomplished by the inferior colliculi.
Which structure is involved in pain transmission
The substantia gelatinosa is a structure involved in pain transmission. The anterior or ventral horn contains nerve cell bodies for efferent pathways leaving the spinal cord. The posterior horn (dorsal horn) is composed primarily of interneurons and axons from sensory neurons. The dorsal root ganglion is part of the sensory ganglion.
Successive, rapid impulses received from a single neuron on the same synapse best describes:
Temporal summation refers to the effects of successive, rapid impulses received from a single neuron on the same synapse. Spatial summation refers to the combined effect of impulses from a number of neurons on a single synapse at the same time. Facilitation refers to the effects of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) on the plasma membrane potential. Actuation is not a process that relates to neural impulse transmission.
