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PHILO > W1 > Flashcards

W1 Flashcards

1
Q

“Man is condemned to be free; because once thrown into this world, he is responsible for everything he does. It is up to you to give life a meaning”

A

Jean Paul Sartre

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2
Q

said to be the beginning of philosophy

A

Wonder

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3
Q

The term philosophy comes from two Greek words

A

Filos (philos) and sofia (sophia)

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4
Q

filos (philos) means

A

love

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5
Q

sofia (sophia) means

A

wisdom

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6
Q

Philosophy is ordinarily and literally understood as

A

“the love of wisdom”

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7
Q

According to _______, philosophy begins in wonder

A

Aristotle

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8
Q

became our main weapon to guide in our journey

A

Reason

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9
Q

In the ancient times at the times of Greek mythology, __________ become the guiding principle on the lives of the human.

A

Greek mythology

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10
Q

history of philosophy is divided into 4 eras

A

Ancient, medieval, modern, contemporary

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11
Q

Philosophy was a creation of the _______ and more particularly of the _______

A

Greeks particularly the Ionian race

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12
Q

Thales was born in

A

Miletus in Asia Minor about 640 B.C.

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13
Q

was the first of philosophers

A

Thales

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14
Q

father of philosophy

A

Thales of Miletus

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15
Q

Thales tried to understand the origin of the world with the use of what

A

Reason

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16
Q

What engaged Thales in scientific philosophy

A

Reason

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17
Q

A mathematician who calculated the heights of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore

A

Thales of Miletus

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18
Q

According to ancient historians, he was the first philosopher who predicted the solar eclipse of May 28, 585 B.C.

A

Thales

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19
Q

used reason to inquire into the nature of the universe

A

Thales

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20
Q

The main concern of the early philosophers centered around Thales’ basic question:

A

“What is the world made of?”

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21
Q

Pythagoras is a

A

Greek philosopher and mathematician

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22
Q

who discovered the Pythagorean theorem

A

Pythagoras

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23
Q

He held the curious view that all things were numbers

A

Pythagoras

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24
Q

extrapolated from Euclidean geometry

A

Pythagoras

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25
Q

All things were numbers and extrapolated from Euclidean geometry an idea that would later become

A

The Music of Spheres

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26
Q

Pythagoras was famous as an expert of?

A

Experts of fate and soul after death

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27
Q

Who thought that the soul was immortal and went through a series of REINCARNATIONS

A

Pythagoras

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28
Q

an expert of religious ritual; as the founder of a strict way of life that emphasized dietary restrictions, religious ritual and rigorous self discipline.

A

Pythagoras

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29
Q

He advocated vegetarianism

A

Pythagoras

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30
Q

Often called “the dark one”

A

Heraclitus

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31
Q

Developed out of pessimistic observation regarding CHANGE

A

Heraclitus

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32
Q

Heraclitus saw the world as existing in what state

A

State of perpetual change

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33
Q

His most famous quoted words are “You can’t step in the same river twice”

A

Heraclitus

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34
Q

Everything changes but changes itself

A

Heraclitus

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35
Q

was famous for his claim that he did not know anything

A

Socrates

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36
Q

He wrote no books, but his student recorded his conversations

A

Socrates

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37
Q

his tendency to question established beliefs in the government and in religion created many enemies especially since he encouraged young people to do the same

A

Socrates

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38
Q

He was eventually put on trial for “corruption of the youth” and condemned to die

A

Socrates

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39
Q

They condemned Socrates to die by drinking

A

Hemlock

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40
Q

Many modern people held up Socrates as a

A

martyr for the truth

41
Q

Is the world best known as GREAT THINKER

A

Plato

42
Q

Who tried to establish philosophy in a more complex manner?

A

Plato

43
Q

He was primarily influenced by Socrates and became the successor of Socratic philosophy.

A

Plato

44
Q

Plato is most known from his proposition of the

A

Theory of forms

45
Q

the world we know through the senses is only an imitation of the pure, eternal and unchanging world of Forms

A

Theory of forms

46
Q

He recorded various dialogues with the thinkers regarding to the idea of justice, beauty and truth.

A

Plato

47
Q

Who founded the Academy?

A

Plato

48
Q

Socrates’ favorite student is

A

Plato

49
Q

Who has more systematic and more mystical than Socrates’ ideas.

A

Plato

50
Q

Plato’s philosophy basically suggested that the world of true ideas _______________________________________ has a reality of its own beyond physical world.

*these concepts were even more real than the physical world of senses

A

(Justice, Beauty, Goodness, Virtue, Numbers, Geometry)

51
Q

Who spent twenty years at Plato’s Academy

A

Aristotle

52
Q

He taught Platonic philosophy to his students, but he also criticized it.

A

Aristotle

53
Q

He rejected Plato’s dualism (the way Plato separated the world of ideas or forms from the physical world).

A

Aristotle

54
Q

(goal-oriented or purpose oriented) in nature

A

Teleological

55
Q

Aristotle argued that some perfect, unchanging force or entity (a _________) outside of casuality must have initiated the _________________.

A

A Prime Mover
Sequence of cause and effect

56
Q

He trusted senses than things that cannot be seen which was believed by Plato.

A

Aristotle

57
Q

Among the great achievements to which Aristotle can lay claim is the

A

first systematic treatment of the principles of correct reasoning, the first logic.

58
Q

Aurelius Augustine was born in

A

354 CE in Thagaste, a small provincial town in North Africa

59
Q

He has a Christian mother and a pagan father,

A

Aurelius Augustine

60
Q

He believes that although God created everything that exists, he did not create evil,

A

Aurelius Augustine

61
Q

Evil is not a thing but a

A

Lack or deficiency of something

62
Q

borrowed this way of thinking from Plato and his followers

A

Aurelius Augustine

63
Q

Avicenna was born in

A

980 in a village near Bukhara, Uzbekhistan

64
Q

he wrote mainly in Arabic, the language of learning throughout the Islamic world, he was a native Persian speaker

A

Avicenna

65
Q

was a child prodigy, rapidly surpassing his teachers not only in logic and philosophy, but also in medicine

A

Avicenna

66
Q

is one of the most famous “dualists” in the history of philosophy

A

Avicenna

67
Q

he thinks that the body and the mind are two distinct substances.

A

Avicenna

68
Q

who thought that the mind as distinct thing that was imprisoned in the body

A

Plato

69
Q

believed that at the point of death, the mind would be released from its prison, to be later reincarnated in another body

A

Plato

70
Q

Avicenna devised a thought-experiment known as

A

“flying-man”

71
Q

A limited point of view by the people in the time of ________ where they worship gods above natural phenomena shifted towards a more reasonable line of thought founded by Thales.

A

Homerian literature

72
Q

The work of Pythagoras marked a key turning point, as he sought to explain the world not in terms of primal matter, but in terms of

A

MATHEMATICS

73
Q

He and his followers described the structure of the cosmos (world) in numbers and geometry

A

Pythagoras

74
Q

the concern of philosophy shifted toward a more holistic understanding of God

A

Medevial

75
Q

As the Greek city-states grew in stature, philosophy spread across the Greek world from Ionia, and in particular to ______, which was rapidly becoming the cultural center of Greece.

A

Athens

76
Q

In France, _______ and _______ made major contributions to mathematics, as did ___________ in Germany

A

Rene Descartes and Blaise Pascal; Gottfried Leibniz

77
Q

Rene Descartes lived in the early 17th century, during a period sometimes called the _________, an era of rapid advances in the sciences

A

scientific revolution

78
Q

started with the argument that all knowledge passes through our senses cannot be trusted.

A

Rene Descartes

79
Q

he uses what is known as“the method of doubt”.

A

Rene Descartes

80
Q

He doubted everything

A

Rene Descartes

81
Q

He aims to show that, even if we start from the strongest possible skeptical position, doubting everything, we can still reach knowledge.

A

Descartes

82
Q

Descartes that there is one belief that he surely cannot be doubted:

A

his belief in his existence.

83
Q

John Locke is traditionally included in the group of philosophers known as _________, together with two later philosophers, ____________

A

British Empiricist; George Berkeley and David Hume

84
Q

The empiricists are generally thought to hold the view that all human knowledge must come directly or indirectly from the experience of the world that we acquire through our ___________

A

senses alone.

85
Q

believed that the human mind is like a blank canvas or a blank sheet at birth.

A

John Locke

86
Q

He states that all our knowledge of the world can only come from our experience, conveyed to us by our senses.

A

John Locke

87
Q

everything we know is gained from experience.

A

John Locke

88
Q

How to live life meaningfully

A

Contemporary

89
Q

He belongs to the philosophical school known as pragmatism, which arose in the US in the late 19th century

A

John Dewey

90
Q

(JOHN DEWEY) Pragmatism starts with the position that the purpose of philosophy, or “thinking”, is not to provide us with a true picture of the world, but to

A

help us to act more effectively within it

91
Q

He thinks that philosophy should also be a way of finding practical responses to these problems

A

John Dewey

91
Q

For _____, philosophical problems are not abstract problems divorced from people’s lives.

A

Dewey

92
Q

He believes that philosophizing is not about being a “spectator” who looks at the world from afar, but about actively engaging in the problems of life.

A

John Dewey

93
Q

famous for introducing the idea of primary and secondary reflection

A

Gabriel Marcel

94
Q

The way we experience in this world is somehow based on how we deeply understand the richness of our experience.

A

Gabriel Marcel

95
Q

interested with definitions and with technical and methodological solutions to the problem. It answers and judgments are objective.

A

Primary reflection

96
Q

the instrument of philosophical reflection. This is the attempt to see the parts in relation to the whole – to interpret the parts with the whole in sight.

A

Secondary reflection

97
Q
A

PHILO (3 decks)

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