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Question 1

The Psyche in Analytical Psychology

Answer 1

The inner realm of personality; conceptualized by Jung as a combination of spirit, soul, and idea, that is both conscious and unconscious.

The human psyche is incredibly complex/multifaceted; making it difficult for psychotherapy to adopt a one-size-fits-all approach.

Question 2

The Personal Unconscious according to Jung

Answer 2

All repressed and undeveloped aspects of one’s personality.

Question 3

The Collective Unconscious according to Jung

Answer 3

A psychic resource shared between all people; consisting of archetypes (universal ways of framing that influence human behavior and perception across the species).

This concept was relevant to Jung’s split with Freud.

Question 4

Archetypes

Answer 4

Organizing principles/evolutionarily adaptive ways of framing and universal symbols/patterns that are present in the collective unconscious. They are innate and inherited, and shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Question 5

Jungian Complexes

Answer 5

Emotionally charged clusters of ideas and feelings, that serves as bridges between the personal and collective unconscious.

Often repressed because they are too emotionally threatening.

Question 6

The Aims of Analytical Psychotherapy

Answer 6

Re-integration, self-knowledge, and individuation (fostering balance and growth within the individual)

Question 7

What philosophy was Jung drawn to?

Answer 7

Romanticism (which values the irrational and unconscious aspects of human nature, and emphasizes a desire for unity/wholeness in the face of a fragmented existence)

Romanticism also reveres nature and believes that the divine exists within nature and the human psyche.

Question 8

What Early Work did Jung receive recognition for?

Answer 8

Word-association studies that supported the existence of the unconscious.

These word-association tests investigated the response-time latencies to emotionally charged words in psychiatric patients. Jung argued that delayed response times to emotionally charged words reflected the unconscious functioning of emotional complexes (affectively charged ideas that are repressed because they are emotionally threatening)

Question 9

The Beginning of Jungian Psychoanalysis as a Distinct Form of Psychoanalysis

Answer 9

Jung’s divergence with Freud was spurred by the publication of “The Psychology of the Unconscious”; as well as his emphasis on myth, culture, and personal psychology.

Question 10

Jung’s Mother

Answer 10

The contrasting personalities displayed by Jung’s mother influenced his understanding of archetypal images and the importance of integrating polarities.

Question 11

Modern Challenges Faced by Jungian Psychology

Answer 11

Debates are emerging over how best to interpret Jung’s original beliefs in light of present-day sociocultural norms. Traditional interpretations remain, but more progressive/inclusive ones have also emerged.

Question 12

Jung’s Theory of Personality

Answer 12

Centers on the idea of a dynamic unity encompassing all aspects of one’s psyche.
[S.E.A.T - I.C]

Conscious/Unconscious
Self and the Ego
Archetypes
Individuation
Typology

Question 13

The Self according to Jung’s Theory of Personality

Answer 13

Archetypal energy that integrates the personality; the goal of personal development

Question 14

The Ego according to Jung’s Theory of Personality

Answer 14

The center of consciousness (the self) that emerges in early childhood and mediates between the unconscious and the outer world. The ego can be strengthened such that it can filter stimuli without being overwhelmed.

Question 15

The Persona

Answer 15

An individual’s public facade, that conceals/reveals differing aspects of the ego to society where appropriate.

Question 16

The Shadow

Answer 16

The denied or unacknowledged aspects of the personality. These can be both positive or negative traits.

Question 17

Individuation according to Jung’s Theory of Personality

Answer 17

The process of reclaiming undeveloped parts of oneself and achieving wholeness. The process involves confronting the shadow, integrating contrasexual elements (anima [feminine psychological qualities] and animus [masculine psychological qualities]), and achieving a greater balance between introversion and extraversion.

Question 18

What makes humans symbolic animals?

Answer 18

This shift towards a symbolic animal occurred around 60,000 years ago, and is evidenced by the emergence of art, symbolic ritualistic burials (buried with valuables – idea of the afterlife), planned future hunting parties, the creation of tools etc.

It is marked by a movement from existing exclusively in the present moment, to an experience of the abstract/ being abstracted from the environment. You can think about the present, as opposed to merely experiencing it.

Question 19

What makes humans finitary animals?

Answer 19

We can hold in working memory finite pieces of information at any one time .

George Miller posits that we can hold 7 pieces of information; plus or minus two.

Question 20

Local Frames

Answer 20

Insights that indicate what information is relevant to us; like emotions.

Question 21

A Dominant Larger Frame

Answer 21

Culture.

Culture’s fundamental purpose is to provide the firm structures for human life that are lacking biologically. It provides shelter against the unknown/uncertainty. A separation from culture is the danger of meaninglessness; in which the individual is submerged in a world of disorder, senselessness, and madness. What information is relevant cannot be determined.

Question 22

Human Worldviews in a Pre-modern Era

Answer 22

A more poetic, imaginative, and intuitive perspective than now. Experiences were questioned to a lesser extent, as there was minimal value placed on the uncovering of an objective “truth”.

Things that influenced human life were labelled as “sacred” (e.g., the sun). Meaning in life was achieved through engaging with the sacred via myth and ritual.

Question 23

Modern Human Worldviews

Answer 23

The modern day is characterized by rationalization and intellectualization, and, above all, by the ‘disenchantment of the world.’ Modern man is alienated from himself, from his fellow men, and from nature.

We have shifted toward extrinsic goals (like materialism and status) and away from intrinsic goals (like community, life meaning, and affiliation).

Culture became much less participatory through the invention of written language. For example, hieroglyphic languages were very connected to symbols and to life/reality, while modern languages are a human construction and are divorced from imagery of the world.

Through the Reformation, connecting to the sacred/divine was increasingly viewed as an individual/subjective experience. The self/the internal world became more important to the assigning of meaning.

Question 24

Typology according to Jung’s Theory of Personality

Answer 24

Here, Individuals are categorized based on their predominant mental functions; whether that be thinking, feeling, sensation, or intuition [T.I.F.S].

Developing the personality involves cultivating the lesser-developed functions across the lifetime.

Each can manifest in either an extraverted or introverted manner.

Such a concept is an acknowledgement of individual differences.

Question 25

Jungian Opposites

Answer 25

Jung viewed the world through the lens of opposites. Psychological growth can by achieved through the integration of these opposites (masculine vs. feminine, good vs. evil, positive vs. negative etc.)

Question 26

Enantiodromia

Answer 26

The idea that everything eventually turns into its opposite (proposed by Heraclitus). Jung saw this concept as applicable to both human history and personal development.

Over time, an unconscious opposite can emerge in response to an extreme conscious position.

Question 27

Jungian Compensation

Answer 27

The psyche seeks balance/equilibrium through compensating for imbalances between opposites.

This might manifest itself as the unconscious balancing a conscious position by creating its opposite in dreams and fantasies.

Question 28

Preoedipal Development

Answer 28

Highlights the influence of early mother-child interactions. Jung posits that the archetypal images of the Good and the Bad Mother are central to personality development.

Question 29

Psychopathology as conceptualized by Jung

Answer 29

Pathological symptoms represent the psyche’s attempts to address underlying issues of disharmony, and achieve wholeness.

Indeed, symptoms can be considered representative of a blocking of the processes aiming towards wholeness; and indicate that something needs to be addressed to unblock the system/the growth process.

Extreme fluctuations between oppositional positions (love vs. hate), as seen in borderline personality disorder, could be indicative of unresolved disruptions in development and the early mother-child relationship (later exacerbated by external stressors)

Question 30

Jungian Defense Mechanisms

Answer 30

The psyche’s protective responses to complex challenges.

Defense mechanisms can be adaptive, but when rigid they may lead to pathology.

One such defense mechanism is regression (which can pave the way for personal growth if properly managed)

Question 31

Basic Tenets of Jungian Psychotherapy

Answer 31

• The Psyche is self-regulating
• The unconscious has the capacity to be creative and to behave in a compensatory manner
• The therapeutic relationship is key in facilitating self-awareness and healing
• Personality growth occurs throughout the lifespan.

Question 32

Neurosis in Jungian Psychology

Answer 32

Neuroses are functional disturbances of the psyche that arise from psychological causes; such as when one neglects or avoids life tasks (which disrupts the equilibrium of their personality).

Analyzing one’s symptoms, dreams. and fantasies can help to reveal their complexes; hence opening the door for greater awareness and integration to occur.

Freud believed neuroses arose from sexual instincts/infantile experiences, while Adler believed they arose from a need to compensate for feelings of inferiority.

Question 33

Jung’s perspective on Countertransference

Answer 33

Jung viewed transference and countertransference as somewhat inevitable aspects of a reciprocal therapeutic process; in which the therapist is open to the patient’s unconscious.

Question 34

The Goals of Jungian Psychotherapy

Answer 34

Self actualization: Helping patients to realize their full potential.

Complexes are resolved, greater self-knowledge is achieved; and hence relationships are improved with the self and with others.

Question 35

The Stages of Jungian Psychotherapy

Answer 35

[C.E.E.T] - These stages can overlap, and have no fixed order/duration. The transformative stage was unique in its focus on a greater human potential (allegedly a giant father figure appearing in a dream could suggest that the analysis is almost complete)

Confession (Retelling one’s personal history/what is going on while the therapist listens empathetically/non-judgmentally to facilitate this lowering of defenses - helps to alleviate feelings of guilt)

Elucidation (focus on transference, dreams and fantasies. what were the infantile origins of the transference? provides affective/intellectual insights and seeks to enhance acceptance of one’s shortcomings)

Education (persona and ego tasks: encouraging the patient to play an active role in life. earlier insights are translated into action! health-promoting behaviors are formed)

Transformation/Individuation (only some, usually older, clients progress to this stage. self-actualization occurs and unconscious experiences are valued along with conscious ones, the archetypal image of the self emerges, and transference/countertransference become more impactful/profound)

Synthesis (into a new Self)

Question 36

The Stages of Analyzing Jungian Transference

Answer 36

[D.P.D.R]

• Projection of Personal History
• Discrimination between Personal and Impersonal Aspects (patients begin to distinguish between personal and collective/archetypal aspects of the transference they project onto the therapist)
• Differentiation of the Analyst’s Persona from the Transference Image (who is the therapist as a normal human being; outside of the idealized figure created through transference?)
• Resolution and Self-Realization (the transference is resolved, self-knowledge is improved, and a genuine/unfiltered perception of the therapist can be formed)

Question 37

Active Imagination

Answer 37

A process in which patients clear their minds, concentrate intensely, and allow inner images to surface. These images can be interacted with or expressed through writing, drawing, movement etc.

It is an approach through which one can access the unconscious, similarly to how it is done in dreams, but while awake.

Question 38

Dreams of Relevance to Jung

Answer 38

Dreams can offer valuable insights/a direct window into unconscious material. Through them unresolved conflicts, unmet needs, and untapped potentials can be uncovered. Why did the unconscious present or create a given dream? What is its purpose? What is the unconscious seeking to achieve or convey? Dream interpretation is naturally highly subjective, and “accurate” interpretations should resonate with the client.

Both the subjective and objective levels should be considered. Dreams can either block or advance therapy, depending on whether the patient avoids or explores them. Of particular interest in therapy are:

Initial Dreams (insights on path of therapy/transference)
Recurrent Dreams (insights on problematic complexes/repressed trauma)
Dreams about Shadow Material (insights on aspects of the unconscious)
Dreams about the Therapist/Therapy (insights on transference feelings)

Question 39

The Ideal Patient Profile for Jungian Psychotherapy

Answer 39

A Patient who:
- Possesses introspective abilities
- Can maintain a working alliance with a therapist
- Is experiencing a midlife crisis
- Is grappling with existential questions about life’s meaning and personal responsibility.
- Is seeking a deeper understanding of the self; or seeking to re-evaluate unmet goals.

Patients with less intact egos may require greater supportive ego-building. Furthermore, some patients may require continuous support in the early stages [C.E.E] before being able to progress further.

Question 40

Positive Outcomes of Analytical Psychotherapy

Answer 40

• Improved quality of life
• Symptom relief
• Enhanced creativity
• Improved relationships
• Improved self-reliance
• Independently engaging in personal growth

Question 41

Psychological Tests with a Grounding in Jung’s Research

Answer 41

Typology (introversion/extraversion; the four functions) - assessed with the Myers-Briggs and Grey Wheelwright tests.

Complexes and projections assessed with Word Association Tests.

Question 42

Varying Modalities of Analytical Psychotherapy

Answer 42

• Body Movement
• Art Therapy
• Sand Tray Therapy
• Group Therapy

Question 43

Group, Family, Marital, and Child Jungian Therapies

Answer 43

Group Therapy is usually performed in tandem with individual therapy; and provides opportunities to interact/engage in confrontation with others. It demonstrates the real-world applications of therapeutic insights, and is particularly beneficial for introverts and intellectualizers.

Family/Marital therapy can explore family dynamics, typological differences, and shadow projections. Expression and understanding can be facilitated with the more creative/expressive techniques.

Non-verbal modalities can aid children in expressing their dreams/fantasies/fears. The process can promote greater resilience and ego development.

Question 44

Jung and PTSD

Answer 44

Jung emphasized the role that repetitions and symbolic healing can play in trauma recovery for those with PTSD. Through analytical psychotherapy, patients can process traumatic experiences and integrate the traumatic material into their psyche.

Question 45

What is the benefit of having such diverse viewpoints within psychotherapy - according to Jung?

Answer 45

Different perspectives, beliefs or models may resonate with differing individuals; depending on their own personal history and background.

Humans are diverse and complex, and if therapists approach each individual with an open mind/flexibility they may stand to gain from the multiple perspectives on therapy available to them.

Question 46

What is the value of failures in therapy - according to Jung?

Answer 46

Failures are opportunities to learn and grow. They open the door to a greater truth; prompting therapists to reassess/adjust their approaches to improve patient outcomes.

Question 47

Jung’s Perspective on Irrationalities

Answer 47

Therapy traditionally seeks to normalize/rationalize patients. However, when this fails, embracing patient’s irrationalities with the goal of opening them up to their creative potential can be a worthwhile alternative.

Question 48

Jung’s Perspective on the Value of Fantasy

Answer 48

Jung recognized that working with a patient’s fantasies is like building a bridge into space. However, he viewed fantasy as an integral aspect of human cognition (particularly with reference to creative expression and problem solving).

Jung agreed with Schiller that genuine humanity is realized through playful exploration and creativity. He believed that creative expression enables you to transcend your previous limitations and gain deeper insights into identity/life’s purpose.

Question 49

Conscious Ego Development

Answer 49

• The conscious ego is shaped most notably during youth; which can facilitate social adaptation and personal achievement
• Investing in and believing in one’s own willpower is the driving force behind social success and personal growth.
• Creative endeavors enable you to explore your inner self, and facilitate self-realization and personal fulfillment.

Question 50

Archetypal Imagery and its connection to the Collective Unconscious

Answer 50

Jung observed that the symbolic imagery recounted by patients frequently reflected archaic and primal themes; suggesting their connection to these themes via the collective unconscious

Question 51

Integrating Artistic Expressions

Answer 51

Jung advocated for intellectual and emotional engagement with artistic work; to better integrate their insights into conscious awareness - and improve understanding of the self and the unconscious.

Question 52

The Ego in a Peripheral Position

Answer 52

The ego assuming a peripheral role is part of a psychological centering process to enable the emergence of unconscious elements and historical influences into consciousness.

Question 53

Autopoiesis

Answer 53

Humans and other biological beings are inherently self-organizing; with a focus on being and the continuation of existence.

Autopoietic processes are those which produce (“biological processes which produce themselves”) and regenerate the self.

Question 54

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 54

Activated for eating, resting, digesting, restoring the body etc.

Question 55

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 55

Activated for exploring, fighting, acting etc.

A constant activation of this system leads to stress.

Question 56

Accommodation

Answer 56

Modifying/changing existing schemas/pre-existing beliefs. One approach towards growth.

Question 57

Assimilation

Answer 57

Incorporating incoming information into an existing schema. A balance between assimilation and accommodation is needed to achieve a growth equilibrium.

Question 58

Fantasy/Mythic Thinking

Answer 58

Used by the unconscious. It is is image-based, subjective-oriented, and culturally older. It exists in the pre-modern era, in children, and in dreams.

Question 59

Directed Thinking

Answer 59

Logical, language-based, reality-oriented, and culturally newer mode of thinking.

Question 60

When are images and metaphors particularly valuable?

Answer 60

When we are trying to articulate the unknown; and can be used to elucidate meaning under conditions of uncertainty. Images and metaphors influence behavior to a greater extent than words do.

Question 61

The Stages of Jungian Dream Analysis

Answer 61

• Making associations: Forming the foundation for interpreting the dream by finding the associations that spring out of our unconscious in response to the dream images. Every dream is made up of a series of images, so our work begins with discovering the meanings that those images have.
• Connecting the dream to inner dynamics: we look for and find the parts of our inner selves that the dream images represent. We find the dynamics at work inside us that are symbolized by the dream situation.
• Interpreting: we put together the information we have gleaned in the first two steps and arrive at a view of the dream’s meaning when taken as a whole.
• Making the dream concrete. We learn to do rituals that will make the dream more conscious, imprint its meaning more clearly on our minds, and give it the concreteness of immediate physical experience.

[A.C.I.C]

Question 62

The Stages of Active Imagination

Answer 62

• Invite the unconscious: Going to experience/feeling: a dream image, fantasies, a mood, etc. Relinquishing control. Once a personification occurs, inquire what is wanted, needed, etc.
• Dialogue and experience: Let inner figures have a life of their own (imaginal vs. imaginary). Discussing with them as you would with a real person; fully present (including with feelings). It’s important to listen; but to also treat what figure says not as final authority, but as something with which to dialogue.
• Ethical responsibility: One cannot simply have an insight; it needs to be connected to the world. You shouldn’t simply ‘act out’ an insight, but temper it with your values as to what is important (justice, fairness, responsibility to other people or tasks in life etc.)