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MD3001 > W01L02 Examination of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

W01L02 Examination of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular Examination

A 
Introduction
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
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2
Q

Peripheral cyanosis

A

Darkish blue caused by peripheral vasoconstriction, can be due to heart failure, shock, cold temperature or abnormalities of circulation. E.g Raynaud’s disease
Usually present on extremities (peripheral cyanosis) or mucous membranes e.g. under tongue, around mouth (central cyanosis)

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3
Q

Tar staining

A

Sign of smoking

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4
Q

Nail clubbing

A

Interphalangeal depth ratio is increased

10% endocarditis

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5
Q

Splinter haemorrhage

A

Frequently due to trauma or endocarditis

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6
Q

Koilonychia

A

Spoon shaped nails

Degeneration commonly caused by iron deficiency anaemia, or trauma or petroleum solvents

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7
Q

Oslers nodes

A

Little raised red tender nodules on the tops of the fingers and toes
Painless, uncommon sign of endocarditis

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8
Q

Janeway lesions

A

Micro abscess

Signs of endocarditis

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9
Q

Central cyanosis

A

Visible under the tongue
Always present with peripheral cyanosis
Due to abnormal circulation

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10
Q

Malar flush

A

Results of low cardiac output (types of cyanosis around the cheeks)
Mitral valve stenosis

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11
Q

Conjunctivae

A

Pallor of conjunctivae visible in patients with low haemoglobin due to anaemia

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12
Q

Xanthelasma

A

Cholesterol-rich fatty deposits which occurs around tendons
Little bundles of lipid containing macrophages around the eye
Check cholesterol and lipid levels in patients (50%)

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13
Q

Corneal Arcus

A

Little white ring around cornea
Lipid degeneration
Check patient cholesterol level

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14
Q

Sternotomy Scar

A

Sign of thoracic surgery

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15
Q

Palpation (radial vs carotid)

A

Easier to tell character on carotid

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16
Q

Collapsing pulse

A

A pulse that rises very very quickly and calls away quickly

Feel for vibrations of pulse through the forearm

17
Q

Aortic valve regurgitation

A

Aortic valve is leaky and cannot prevent backflow into left ventricle, therefore pulse falls away quickly
The excess volume then causes the next pulse to be very strong

18
Q

Apex beat

A

Mid clavicular line 5th intercostal space

Left ventricular hypertrophy can cause displacement of apex beat

19
Q

Parasternal heave

A

Hand will be pushed off the chest wall by the contraction of the right ventricle

20
Q

Thrills

A 
Palpable murmur (sternal notch, etc)
Murmur caused by turbulence of blood through abnormal valves
21
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Blood not cleared properly due to right heart failure

Symptoms: swollen internal jugular vein and swollen liver

22
Q

How to check jugular venous pulse

A

Patient lies at 45 degrees, turns to one side

Measure the horizontal distance across and vertical distance down to the sternal angle (normal if less than 4cm)

23
Q

3 rules of auscultation

A
  1. Distinguish 1st and 2nd heart sounds
  2. Listen for the heart sounds where they are the loudest
  3. Use bell and diaphrahm
24
Q

Heart sounds (1st and 2nd)

A

First heart sound is the closing of the mitral/tricuspid valves
Second sound is the closing of the semilunar valves

25
Q

Ejection click

A

Stiff valves trying to open up

26
Q

Pansystolic murmur

A

Mitral regurgitation causes constant leakage of blood all during systole

27
Q

Early aortic diastolic murmur

A

Aortic valve cannot close properly, therefore backflow into the left ventricle, occurs during diastole

28
Q

Pulmonary and aortic auscultation are on…

A

Opposite sides of anatomical region due to direction of blood flow

29
Q

Auscultate lung bases for…

A

Crepitations (crackles)

30
Q

Cardiac failure

A

a complex syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to function as a pump to support a physiological circulation

31
Q

Right sided heart failure most often secondary to…

A

Left sided failure

32
Q

Symptoms of cardiac failure

A

Exertional dyspnoea
Othopnoea
PND
Fatigue

33
Q

Signs of cardiac failure

A 
Tachycardia/pnoea
Hypotension
Pulmonary oedema
Pleural effusion
Elevated JVP
Peripheral oedema
Ascities
Tender hepatomagaly

MD3001 (13 decks)

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