w/c 3-Mar-14

Question 1

Which part of nephron is impermeable to water?

Answer 1

Thick ascending limb is impermeable to water.

Actively transports Na/K/Cl out

Question 2

What stimulates Renin to be secreted from afferent arteriole?

Answer 2

-In response to reduced stress or in response to sympathetic nerves

Question 3

Which arteriole does Angiotensin II constrict?

Answer 3

Efferent arteriole.
Enhances water/Na+ reabsorbtion
Stimulates aldosterone secretion

Question 4

Where does Aldosterone act?

Answer 4

Distal tubule

Question 5

What is the shock dose of fluids in dogs? cats?

Answer 5

Same as blood volume:

a) Cat: 40-69mL/kg
b) Dog: 60-90mL/kg

Question 6

What is Oliguria?

Answer 6

Less than normal urine output

Question 7

Differentiate between Retrograde and Antegrade contrast

Answer 7

Retrograde: Contrast injected Caudal to Cranial
Antegrade: Contrast injected Cranial to Caudal

Question 8

What size/gauge catheter would you choose to deliver shock rate fluids

Answer 8

Short, large bore catheter

Question 9

Why does urea increase in dehydration

Answer 9

Passively diffuses with water from tubular lumen. Amount absorbed varies inversely with rate of urine flow. Decrease urine flow= increased absorption.
OR
Dehydration = vasocontriction of peripheral function = decrease blood flow to kidney–> decrease GFR

Question 10

Why is Creatinine a more reliable indicator of renal function?

Answer 10

Not affected by diet or catabolic factors. Very insensitive in birds. Differences in levels last longer than [urea]

Question 11

What factors might falsely increase urine specific gravity

Answer 11

May be falsely increased by glucose or protein in the urine

Question 12

What is the significance of Isothenuria

Answer 12

Fixed USG of 1.008-1.012 i.e. same as glomerular filtrate. Kidney not concentrating or diluting urine

Question 13

Normal USG for dog, cat, horse

Answer 13

1. 025 horse/ruminant
2. 030 dog
3. 035 cat

Question 14

How will calcium levels vary in kidney failure. Any species differences?

Answer 14

Most dogs/cats with renal failure = hypo/normocalcemic (due to hyperphoshatemia binding calcium)
Horses will be hypercalcemic (kidney major excretory route)

Question 15

What will happen to Phosphorus levels in renal disease?

Answer 15

Hyperphosphatemia is associated with decreased GFR so levels will be increased in dogs and cats

Question 16

How is Amylase/Lipase associated with renal disease

Answer 16

Amylase/Lipase are pancreatic enzymes but are cleared by the kidneys so moderate increases are seen in dogs with renal dsease

Question 17

What type of anaemia might you expect from renal disease?

Answer 17

Mild non regenerative anaemia.

Secondary to lack of erythropoetin production

Question 18

Considerating when assessing urine pH from free catch sample

Answer 18

Need fresh sample as urine becomes alkaline on standing.

Cystitis leads to higher pH due to conversion of urea by bacteria

Question 19

Bilrubinurea is always significant in what species

Answer 19

Bilrubinurea is always significant in cats.

Small amounts normal in dogs

Question 20

Which type of crystals are normally present in horse urine

Answer 20

Calcium carbonate/ Calcium Oxalate

Question 21

Mechanism by which Uraemia leads to Secondary renal hyperparathyroidism

Answer 21

Decreased GFR leads to hyperphosphataemia which precipitates ionised calcium. Decreased activation of vitamin D, decreased absorption of calcium, stimulates PTH secretion and calcium release via osteoclastic bone reabsorption
aka increased PTH release

Question 22

Effects of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism on the kidney

Answer 22

Renal disease is perpetuated by nephrocalcinosis = calcification of tubular BM. Gritty when cut

Question 23

Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis is associated with

Answer 23

Specific viral infections - FeLV
Chronic bacterial infection –> pyometra
Chronic parasitism
Neoplasia

Question 24

Diagnosis of immune mediated glomerulonephritis

Answer 24

IF/IHC to indicate the presence of immunoglobulin or complement.
Grossly glomeruli visible as pinpoint red/pale
Increased celluratity

Question 25

Breed predisposition to glomerular amyloidosis

Answer 25

Shar pei dogs.
Disease often associated with chroninc inflammatory disorders or neoplasia. Commonly idiopathic.
Consequences: Nephrotic syndrome/ proteinaemia

Question 26

Diagnosis of Glomerular Amyloidosis

Answer 26

Brown staining of glomeruli following treatment of iodine.

Question 27

Bacterial.embolic nephritis is also known as

Answer 27

Acute suppurative glomerulitis.
Bacteraemia–> bacteria lodge in glomerular/intersitial capillaries –> microabsecess
Actinobacillus equlli in foals
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in pigs
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in sheep/goats