w/c 17-Mar-14

Question 1

For what disease might a salt restricted diet be prescribed?

Answer 1

Chronic heart failure. Increased sodium increases water retention

Question 2

Valves for a reduced protein diet in dogs/cats

Answer 2

Dogs: Less than 5g/100kcal
Cats: Less than 7g/ 100kcal

Question 3

When would a reduced phosphrous diet be prescribed? When is it contraindicated?

Answer 3

Chronic kidney failure (with protein)

NOT IN GROWTH PHASE!

Question 4

Values for a reduced sodium diet

Answer 4

Less than 100mg/100kcal. Controversial as it reduces palatability

Question 5

Examples of intra-urethral causes of urinary tract obstruction

Answer 5

Calculi, Tumours, Inflammatory disease, foreign bodies

Question 6

How would a Lower Motor Neurone (LMN) problem present (Urine retention)

Answer 6

Flaccid, overdistended bladder that is easy to express, urine leakage. Congenital, lumbo-sacral disease (Sacral nerves overlie L5)

Question 7

How would a Upper Motor Neurone (UMN) problem present (Urine retention)

Answer 7

Firm, tense bladder that is difficult to express. Lesions cranial to sacral nerve segements. Intravertebral disk disease

Question 8

How does a urethral obstruction affect GFR?

Answer 8

Obstructive uropathy, increase ureteral/ tubular pressure–> Increased pressure in Bowman’s space –> GFR falls

Question 9

Which systemic effects might be seen secondary to urinary obstruction?

Answer 9

Hypovolemia, Hypotension.

Azotemia, Hyperglycaemia, Acidaemia, Hyperphosphataemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hyperkalemia

Question 10

Which ECG rhythm is characteristic of Hyperkalamia?

Answer 10

Sino-ventricular rhythm (no P waves)

Question 11

Treatment of Hyperkalemia

Answer 11

EMERGENCY

Fluid therapy. Calcium gluconate - doesn’t affect the potassium concentration but stablises the myocardium

Question 12

Decompressive Cystocentesis advantages/disadvantages

Answer 12

• Buys time and stablisation, obstructed cats have sterile urine.
• Should aim for neck area of bladder
• Risk of urine leakage –> Septic peritonitis

Question 13

Contraindications with Indwelling Catheters

Answer 13

Do not use antibiotics when indwelling catheter is used

Question 14

Considerations after unblocking

Answer 14

Be prepared for:

• Post operative diuresis (keep ins with outs)
• Hypokalaemia (vs Hyper!!) - supplementation

Question 15

Examples of intra-urethral causes of urinary tract obstruction

Answer 15

Calculi, Tumours, Inflammatory disease, foreign bodies

Question 16

How would a Lower Motor Neurone (LMN) problem present (Urine retention)

Answer 16

Flaccid, overdistended bladder that is easy to express, urine leakage. Congenital, lumbo-sacral disease (Sacral nerves overlie L5)

Question 17

How would a Upper Motor Neurone (UMN) problem present (Urine retention)

Answer 17

Firm, tense bladder that is difficult to express. Lesions cranial to sacral nerve segements. Intravertebral disk disease

Question 18

How does a urethral obstruction affect GFR?

Answer 18

Obstructive uropathy, increase ureteral/ tubular pressure–> Increased pressure in Bowman’s space –> GFR falls

Question 19

Which systemic effects might be seen secondary to urinary obstruction?

Answer 19

Hypovolemia, Hypotension.

Azotemia, Hyperglycaemia, Acidaemia, Hyperphosphataemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hyperkalemia

Question 20

Which ECG rhythm is characteristic of Hyperkalamia?

Answer 20

Sino-ventricular rhythm (no P waves)

Question 21

Treatment of Hyperkalemia

Answer 21

EMERGENCY

Fluid therapy. Calcium gluconate - doesn’t affect the potassium concentration but stablises the myocardium

Question 22

Decompressive Cystocentesis advantages/disadvantages

Answer 22

• Buys time and stablisation, obstructed cats have sterile urine.
• Should aim for neck area of bladder
• Risk of urine leakage –> Septic peritonitis

Question 23

Contraindications with Indwelling Catheters

Answer 23

Do not use antibiotics when indwelling catheter is used

Question 24

Considerations after unblocking

Answer 24

Be prepared for:

• Post operative diuresis (keep ins with outs)
• Hypokalaemia (vs Hyper!!) - supplementation